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Aged DM2 patients have the potential for hippocampal region atrophy, and its dysfunction can be related to the expression of a cognitive impairment that resembles AD.

PAA, a newly identified uraemic toxin, affects osteoblastic functions such as proliferation, differentiation, mineralization and responsiveness to PTH, indicating that this molecule could play an important role in the pathogenesis of low turnover bone in CKD.

These results show that lumbar BMD values are not associated with prevalent VFs in GC-treated male patients, suggesting that bone fragility in male GC users is affected by bone quality rather than by BMD.