| Mammary neoplasms are the most frequently observed neoplasms in female dogs and constitute an important problem in veterinary medicine. The objective of this study was to investigate the p53 and Cox-2 gene expressions profile in mammary tumours of dogs of different histological types in comparison to healthy mammary tissues using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assay. A total of 12 cases (5 benign lesions: adenomas and benign mixed tumour and 7 malignant lesions: carcinomas and malign mixed tumour) were examined. Higher expression levels for p53 and Cox-2 genes in mammary tumour tissues were observed as compared to normal mammary tissues. Expression of both genes was relatively higher in malignant tumour than benign. These results show that p53 and Cox-2 genes may be useful tumour markers for early evaluating malignancy in canine mammary tumours.

BACKGROUND: Lymphadenopathy is common in HIV infected individuals as lymphoid tissue is a major target and reservoir of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well for opportunistic infections. AIM: Clinical assessment of HIV positive patients with lymphadenopathy and its correlation with lymph node fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and CD4 count. STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional study of 100 HIV positive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical profile of 100 HIV positive patients with lymphadenopathy was taken. FNAC of the largest lymph node was done. Smears collected were stained by different staining techniques like papanicolou staining, H& E staining, Giemsa staining and AFB as well as PAS staining. FNAC finding was compared with the CD4 count. RESULTS: Of the 100 patients studied, maximum number of cases was reported in the age group of 31 to 40 years. Majority of the patients were males (81%). Most common presentations were fever in 71%, weakness in 71%, weight loss in 53% and lymph node swelling in 23% of patients. Most common site of lymph node involvement was cervical. FNAC of lymph nodes revealed that maximum number of cases had tuberculosis lymphadenitis (59%), followed by reactive hyperplasia (37%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (2%), cryptococcosis (1%) and metastasis (1%). The mean value of CD4count was 461 for reactive hyperplasia, 294 for TB lymphadenitis, and 318 for others. Multiple comparisons of FNAC with CD4 count, revealed significant p-value between Tubercular lymphadenitis and Reactive hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: Low CD4 count is associated with Tubercular lymphadenitis and higher CD4count with Reactive hyperplasia.