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Many cryptographic techniques have been proposed to conceive a secure and privacy-oriented vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) for its practical deployment. The security of these techniques requires a common secret key to be shared between the communicating entities or depend upon the premise that some mathematical problems are computationally hard. However, because of the open nature of the wireless medium, the communication cannot be kept confidential and is prone to eavesdropping. Furthermore, with the arrival of quantum computers, these techniques are prone to quantum attacks—the time complexity of the assumed hard problem gets reduced from millions of years to a few seconds. In this paper, we propose a conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on a quantum key distribution protocol for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. Our scheme inherits the properties of the quantum key distribution protocol. It does not require a secret authentication key to be transmitted conventionally and is resistant to quantum attacks. Apart from protecting VANETs against generic security threats, including node impersonation, message tampering, and repudiation, our scheme defends VANETs against man-in-the-middle attacks, replay attacks, etc. Besides, our protocol ensures message unlinkability, vehicle-identity privacy, and vehicle traceability if a vehicle misbehaves. The results obtained from the performance evaluation of our scheme confirm reasonable values of information leakage, key length, bit error probability, etc.

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This study investigated the effect of wrist abduction on force applied and response time while performing the distinct tasks using touch screen mobile phone. For this study, a questionnaire was designed and subjects were asked to answer the questions on the basis of daily use of their touch screen mobile phones. On the basis of survey, the two most frequently used postures (one-handed and two handed operation of touch screen mobile phone) were selected for this study. For each case (one handed and two handed posture), three levels of wrist abduction i.e. 0 0 (neutral posture), 10 0 , and 20 0 were taken. Human performance as force applied and motoraction response time was recorded using oscilloscope. These observations were taken for both postures (one handed and two handed). The experimental results were analysed using ANOVA and SPSS software. The ANOVA result shows that wrist abduction angle for both postures (one-handed and two handed) has a significant effect on performance of touch screen mobile phone users. Analysis of results indicates that the two handed posture with wrist abduction 0 o offers optimum performance in this environment.

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