: Barleria prionitis, a small perpetual, prickly shrub, belongs to the family Acanthaceae, normally called “porcupine flower” or “Vajradanti” with a lot of vernacular names. It is an indigenous herb of Southern Asia and some regions of Africa. The therapeutic use of leaf, flower, stem, seed, shoot, root and in certain cases complete herb of B. prionitis against numerous disorders including cough, fever, jaundice, asthma, severe pain, acne, cut wound are recognized by ayurvedic and other conventional medicinal systems. An exhaustive bibliographic research of this plant has been carried out by means of scientific engines and databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science direct; as a result, it has been found that this herb possesses a rich phytochemical content and a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial activity, anthelmintic activity, antidiarrheal activity, antioxidant activity, antifertility activity, anti-diabetic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, cytoprotective activity, antiarthritic activity, diuretic activity, hepatoprotective activity, enzyme inhibitory activity and antinociceptive activity without any toxic effects. The plant has been reported to have tannin, saponin, flavonoid, glycoside, alkaloid and phenolic compounds present in it. It is also a noteworthy origin of secondary metabolites such as β-sitosterol, lupeol, syringic acid, and vanillic acid. However, having a potential therapeutic importance, it is still underutilization.
Folk medicine system served the mankind as remedy of several clinical conditions since antiquity. Abundance and diversity of synthetic medicaments eclipse the implementation of traditional medicines for some times but the adverse reactions of synthetic medicaments have shifted people to traditional medicine system again to retrieve its position. Over a duration of time advancement in research and technology on traditional medicine systems attracted people to start believing in the safety aspects of natural products. This review illustrates the diverse pharmacological benefits of numerous phytoconstituents of a magical plant, Barleria lupulina Lindl., belonging to the family Acanthaceaec, native to East Africa (Mauritius), Eastern India, Bangladesh; apart from that it is also cultured in some places like Sri Lanka. It is commonly known as hophead Philippine violet, Lal-tarokh, etc. Traditionally the plant leaves are utilized to medicate in snakebites, dog bites, swelling, boils, sexual disorder, cough, fever, body ache, eczema, itches, bleeding wounds and rheumatism. The other pharmacological properties include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiulcer, antimitotic, diuretic, saluretic, kaliuretic, antiarthritic, antiviral, psychopharmacological, anticancer, analgesic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity. Till date, diversified phytoconstituents were isolated and structurally elucidated, in which saponins, glycosides, resins, steroids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids are the predominant one. With this ample information, the herb can be considered for isolating biomarkers to develop new lead which eventually leads to the making of novel drugs. In an attempt to illuminate the importance of B. lupulina, this review has been developed upon contemplating its traditional, morphological, ecological, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies though few information is available in the web.
Background: Industrialization plays an important role in the growth of a nation. But it is also one of the causes for the deteriorating condition of our ecosystem. The pollution, be it aquatic, terrestrial or air -borne, has affected our environment drastically and industrial and domestic wastewater plays a major role in it. As the Earth transforms into an urban sprawl, industries flourish, pollution increases and the natural resources deplete. Recently nano-engineering based technologies have been explored for the purpose of wastewater treatment which help in the detection and remediation of the pollutants present in wastewater. Various nano-material based technologies deployed in wastewater treatment are discussed in this article. Methods: A thorough survey of literature was effectuated, and study was focused mainly upon the different types of nano-materials applied for the purpose of wastewater management and the diverse treatment methods related to them. Literature were also studied to confirm the functionalization of nano-materials as pollution sensors. Results: There are four main kinds of nano-materials employed for the purpose of wastewater remediation i.e. metallic nano-materials, carbon based nano-materials, nanocomposites and dendrimers. The treatment technologies utilizing these materials are nanofiltration, nano-adsorption, nano-photocatalysis and disinfection. Conclusion: Nano-materials are quite efficient in removing the pollutants from different kinds of wastewater. But drawbacks such as expenditure and effect of the materials in the environment make it difficult for real-time utilization. Since the nano-scaled elements behave differently than their standard sized counterparts, the consequence of these materials in human life cycle is unknown. This knowledge gap should be filled so that these materials can be adopted worldwide.
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