Wireless sensor networks are being built to facilitate automated information gathering in military, industrial, environmental and surveillance applications. Many such applications of Sensor Networks require desired/pre-fixed QoS (Quality of Service: packet delivery within a defined deadline) guarantees as well as high reliability. These applications demand high packet delivery ratio and are extremely delay sensitive. However, certain factors limit the ability of the multihop sensor network to achieve the desired goals. These factors include the delay caused by network congestion, hot regions in the network, limited energy of the sensor nodes, packet loss due to collisions and link failure. In this work, an energy aware dual-path routing scheme for real time traffic is proposed, which balances node energy utilization, increases the network lifetime, reduces the routing delay across the network by taking network congestion into account and increases the reliability of the packets reaching the destination by introducing minimal data redundancy. This paper also introduces an adaptive prioritized Medium Access Layer (MAC) to provide a differentiated service model for real time packets. Our intuitive claims are well supported by simulation results. Contents List of Figures 7 2 QoS Aware Routing in Sensor Networks 21 2.1 Related Research work on Real Time Routing ……………………………………...21 2.2 Issues in Existing Real Time Routing Schemes …………………………………….25
In this paper, we propose a new scheme for small group multicast in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) named Extended Explicit Multicast (E 2 M), which is built on top of Xcast and introduces mechanisms to make it scalable with number of group members for a given multicast session. E 2 M is based on the novel concept of dynamic selection of Xcast Forwarder (XF) between a source and its potential destinations. The XF selection is carried out based on group membership and the processing overhead involved in supporting the Xcast procedure at a given node. If the number of members in a given session is small, E 2 M works just like the basic Xcast scheme with no intermediate XFs. As group membership increases, the overhead involved in supporting an Xcast session also increases. Therefore, to reduce the overhead and provide scalability, in E 2 M nodes may dynamically decide to become a XF. This scheme, which can work with few E 2 M aware nodes in the network, provides the transparency of stateless multicast, reduces header processing overhead and makes Xcast scalable with the number of group members.
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