Mitochondria represent complicated intra cellular organelles which classically have been isolated as the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells secondary to their key part in the bioenergetic metabolism. In more recent decades, the escalation of mitochondrial research has got invoked in researchers that have illustrated that these organelles are much greater than just simple powerhouse of cell, possessing the capacity of other crucial parts like signaling platforms which control cell metabolism, proliferation, and demise besides immunological reactions. In the form of crucial controllers, mitochondria on impairment are implicated, in the etiopathogenesis of a wide variety of metabolic neurodegenerative, immune in addition to neoplastic conditions. Much more recently, greater importance has been given by the researchers with the capacity they possess with regards to. Intercellular transfer which might implicate whole mitochondria, mitochondrial Genome or other mitochondrial constituents. The Intercellular transfer of mitochondria that by definition as horizontal mitochondrial transport can take place in mammalian cells both in vivo, as well as in vitro in addition to both physiological along with pathological situations. Mitochondrial shifting can yield an external mitochondrial source that can restore the normal mitochondrial replacing the mitochondria having undergone impairment, thus resulting in the enhancement of mitochondrial quality, or in case of tumor, altering their functional properties, in addition to chemotherapy responsiveness. Here we have tried to provide a comprehensive review with regards to the biological significance, modes beneath the event, besides their implication in various pathophysiological disorders, emphasizing its treatment potential with regards to diseases where mitochondrial impairment is the primary etiopathogenetic cause of the disease.

There has been a significant escalation of type2 diabetes mellitus( T2DM), all over the world in particular more recently, secondary to population, age, obesity in addition to the sedentary life styles stranges. The determination as per the projections has been that 230 million people would be diabetic by the year2030. The properties of T2DM are dysfunctional pancreatic β cells function in addition to insulin liberation, hyperglycemia along with insulin resistance as well as recently, the epigenetics control pancreatic β cells differentiation has got emphasized as being implicated. Currently it is clear that various bioactive molecules, that are in plenty of amounts in plants that get utilized as foods or infusions, possess crucial part in histone modifications as well as DNA methylation, thus make up potential agents to work as epidrugs. Having earlier reviewed the epigenetic modes seen in DiabeticNephropathy so here we conducted a systematic review utilizing search engine pubmed, google scholar ;web of science; embase; Cochrane review library utilizing the MeSH terms like phytochemicals ;epidrugs; T2DM; epigenetics alterations inDM;Resveratrol; polyphenols; licorice; fenugreek;citrus fruits; green tea;ginger from 1990’still date in 2021. We found a total of 3050 articles out of which we selected 151 articles for this review. No meta-analysis was done. Thus we have summarized the epigenetic alterations seen in T2DM per se We have tried to review drugs like polyphenols, garlic, tea, resveratrol, anthrocyanins, liquorice, fenugreek that possess he capacity of avoidance or treatment of T2DM both in vivo, awa in vitro studies. The major observations, despite certain contradictory outcomes seem that these epidrugs possess roles to act either as complementary/replacement treatment for the usual oral hypoglycemic agents with negligible adverse actions. Actually these natural epidrugs seem to avoid or postpone the generation of disease, in addition to the morbidity that is correlated with the impairment of blood vessels, eyes as well as kidneys secondary to sustenance of hyperglycemia in case of patients with T2DM.

The commonest etiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) is Sepsis that results in an escalation of morbidity and mortality in the hospital intensive care units. Existentially, the therapy of septic AKI rather than being definitive or curative is just supportive, without tackling the pathophysiology. Usually, Sepsis gets correlated with systemic inflammation, along with the escalated generation of Reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular superoxide. Simultaneously liberation of nitric oxide (NO) subsequently reacts with the superoxide, thus, resulting in the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), that is mostly peroxynitrite. This sepsis stimulated generation of ROS in addition to RNS might cause a reduction in the bioavailability of NO that modulates microcirculation aberrations, localized tissue hypoxia as well as mitochondrial impairment, thus starting a vicious cycle of cellular damage which results in AKI. Here we conducted a systematic review utilizing search engine PubMed, Google scholar; Web of science; Embase; Cochrane review library utilizing the MeSH terms like septic AKI; ROS; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); nicotinamide adenine nucleotide phosphate(NADPH)oxidase complex; Oxidative stress; Renal medullary hypoxia; Hypoxia inducible factor1; hypoxia responsive enhancer A; mitochondrial impairment; Intrarenal oxygenation; urinary oxygenation; erythropoietin gene; RRT; NAC; Vitamin C from 1950 to 2021 till date. We found a total of 6500 articles out of which we selected 110 articles for this review. No meta-analysis was done. Thus here we detail the different sources of ROS, at the time of sepsis, besides their pathophysiological crosstalk with the immune system, microcirculation as well as mitochondria that can result in the generation of AKI. Furthermore, we detail the therapeutic utility of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), besides the reasons for its success in ovine as well as porcine models of AKI. Moreover, we discuss preclinical along with clinical for evaluation of Vitamin C’s antioxidant effects as well as pleiotropic effects as a stress hormone that might aid in abrogation of septic AKI.

Earlier we had reviewed on the different classification methods of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ,the work of Sir -Petermann and Ibanez group in prepubarchal girls in PCOS and correlation with antimullerian hormone (AMH) amounts and different forms of therapy in PCOS].Here we tried to review the newer aspects of AMH association with PCOS pathophysiology ,its role and interaction with androgens,FSH,LH,their receptors besides influence of invention of AMH receptor2 (AMHR 2) ,the influence of AMH on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal(H-P-G) axis influencing Gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) physiology ,gonadotrope function as well as its role in transgenerational transmission of PCOS.Thus here we conducted a systematic review with regards to role of AMH in replacing the USG in PCOS and its pathophysiology in contributing to PCOS. We utilized search engine pubmed,google scholar ;web of science ;embase; Cochrane review library utilizing the MeSH terms like PCOS;AMH; Rotterdam criteria; Insulin resistance ; hypothalamic-pituitary -gonadal(H-P-G) axis influence ;animal studies ;human studies; transgenerational transfer of PCOS ;effects of exaggerated prenatal androgens on offspring; Role of Vitamin D from 1990's to 2021 till date. We found a total of 600 articles out of which we selected 71 articles for this review. No meta-analysis was done. Here we discuss the various points in detail utilizing clinical experiments along with animal studies to validate the posits .Besides the lot of research avenues opened up a lot of exciting development might be in the pipeline, i.e. the generation of AMRH2 antagonists which might aid in the selection of a dominant follicle (DF) without the need for ovarian stimulation and hence financial burden along with risk of ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (OHSS) gets circumvented.

Since the outbreak of the novel Coronavirus in December 2019 in Wuhan China, this novel Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) has spread worldwide taking not only epidemic proportions but with its rapid spread world health organization(WHO) was forced to declare it as a pandemic. The Severe Acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus (CoV2) virus is responsible for clusters of severe respiratory illness that simulates acute respiratory syndrome that was what was initially. It is thought although that it is equivalent to the high altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE), showing glass ground opacities in lungs. More experience is getting acquired with changes in treatment approaches from PEEP to avoid intubation and just ensure oxygen levels maintained. Human to human transmission through droplets, contaminated hands as well as surfaces, has been revealed with an incubation period varying from 2-14 days. Early diagnosis using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or computed tomography (CT) scan chest, quarantine, as well as supportive treatment are necessary for getting a cure. In this review we have tried to analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis, isolation, and treatment, including antiviral drugs like remdesivir, favipiravir, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and ivermectin. With 3 successful cases of convalescent plasma achieved in USA, trials going on in India along with vaccines are also detailed in this article.