PurposePeripheral neuropathies are a group of disorders which affect the peripheral nervous system which have been conventionally diagnosed using electrodiagnostic studies. This study was carried out to assess the role of imaging in diagnosing peripheral mononeuropathy as exact anatomical localisation of the pathology is possible using high-resolution ultrasound and MR neurography, the modalities assessed in this study.MethodA hospital-based prospective analytical study was carried out in a resource-limited setting on 180 peripheral nerves in 131 patients with symptoms of peripheral mononeuropathy after taking IRB approval. Each patient underwent high-resolution ultrasound examination and MR neurography, findings of which were then compared and statistically analysed assuming electrodiagnostic findings as the gold standard.ResultsOverall, the diagnostic accuracy was highest for the proton density fat-saturated MR sequence (93.89%) followed by high-resolution ultrasound (80%). The sensitivity was highest for proton density fat-saturated sequence while the T1 MR sequence had the highest specificity. Combined diagnostic accuracy of both modalities was calculated to be 93.33% with a negative predictive value of 80%. High-resolution ultrasound and MRI equally detected the cases with nerve discontinuity, while neuromas were better identified on MRI.ConclusionWith the advent of higher frequency probes and improved MR field strength, imaging of peripheral nerves is possible with better accuracy. Imaging assessment of nerves allows anatomical delineation with identification of exact site of involvement. This comparative study demonstrates the role of imaging in diagnosing peripheral nerve pathologies with the accuracy of MRI as high as 93.89% which may serve as an imaging gold standard. High-resolution ultrasound, being quicker, cost effective and a comparable accuracy of 80% can serve as a reliable screening tool. This study incorporates a larger study group and compares HRUS with MRI, taking NCV as gold standard, which has not been done in the preceding studies. With this study, we conclude that these two imaging modalities are not mutually exclusive. Rather, they complement each other and can be used in conjunction as an imaging yardstick for diagnosing peripheral neuropathies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13244-019-0787-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Background- Sonographic characterisation of thyroid nodular disease has been always challenging for radiologists. Histopathology is the gold standard but it is invasive. Our study aims to assess the role Shear wave Elastography (SWE) in differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules, taking cytology as the gold standard. Material and method- A Prospesctive study was done on patient with 62 clinically suspected thyroid nodule who were refered for USG . Grayscale USG and SWE were then performed using 14 MHz linear transducer Results- Out of 62 nodule 24 were malignent and 38 were benign on cytology . SWE is done and Elasticity values were calculated. SWE values were higher in malignant nodule than benign nodules The cut off value of E for thyroid nodules is taken as 53.95 kPa with sensitivity of 89.47% . max Thus SWE proved signicant role in differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules (p value <0.001). Conclusion- Shear wave elastography being a noninvasive technique can provide quantitative information on differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules thus can be used as an adjunct method to ultrasound.

Being a fast, less expensive, real time dynamic study, high resolution ultrasonography has provided a better option for diagnosing soft tissue pathologies in painful wrist joint. Diagnosing the cause of painful wrist joint Purpose- is a challenge for physicians especially in soft tissue pathologies, ultrasound imaging can provide an early, real time and efcient diagnosis and help in planning of treatment accordingly whether conservative or surgical approach is needed. So this shortens the course of treatment. A hospital based descriptive study Materials and methodsdone in department of radiodiagnosis SMS hospital Jaipur. Patients with history of both traumatic and non traumatic wrist pain were selected, prior X-ray was done. Total 45 patients were scanned using high frequency linear transducer (7-10 mHz) and hockey stick transducer on canon Aplio700 machine. Diagnosis was conrmed by MRI and clinical course of patient. The data were compiled and analyzed. In our study of 40 Resultspatients, USG detected 2 patients with foreign body, 5 with tendon rupture/ dislocation, 18 with tendonitis and tenosynovitis, 12 with ganglion cyst, 4 with soft tissue mass lesion/ collection, 4 with nerve pathology, 1 with scapholunate ligament injury, 1 with TFCC tear 1 with capsule rupture as a cause of wrist pain. Ultrasound provides a quick, accurate and inexpensive diagnosis Conclusion- in soft tissue pathologies of wrist, foreign bodies, tendon pathologies

We aimed to determine the HRCT spectrum of lung parenchymal ndings in adult HIV-infected patients presented with chest symptoms. Objective: To determine the spectrum of lung parenchymal ndings on HRCT in HIV seropositive adult patients with chest symptoms on basis of Location, Extent, Characterization of the lesion and correlate imaging ndings with CD 4 count. A cross-sectional study was carried out Methods: on 30 adult HIV-infected patients who presented with chest symptoms and fullled the inclusion criteria of our study. They underwent HRCT using a 128 slices Philips ingenuity CT scanner in SMS Medical College, Jaipur. Most of the patients belonging to the age group 31-40 years Results: with a mean age of 38.7 years out of which 24 were male and 6 were females. The different aetiologies for imaging manifestations in HIV infected patients with respiratory symptoms were found to be tuberculosis (54%), fungal infection (13%), bacterial infection (7%), and so on, in that order. Conclusion: Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common pulmonary manifestation in HIV patients followed by pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) and bacterial pneumonia. So, we recommend HRCT in diagnosis, treatment and follow up of HIV/AIDS patients with pulmonary manifestations. Its non-invasive nature and relatively quicker time of scan make it a suitable choice for these patients.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has turned out to be the most devastating viral disease that the world has encountered for the past century. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease mainly spreads through respiratory droplets which makes social distancing a primary tool of prevention. Many variant strains have emerged up since the pandemic started and the Delta variant is responsible for recent surge of cases in second wave of COVID-19 in India. Mass vaccination is the most efficacious precautionary measure that can be applied to stop the transmission and generate herd immunity. Vaccination does not give 100% prevention from infection, but it halts the severity of infection. Vaccine is the boon amidst the mayhem. Our study highlights that those vaccinated (particularly two doses) had clinically mild symptoms and mild computed tomography severity score (CTSS) with a speedy recovery. Those unvaccinated had moderate to severe symptoms with moderate to severe CTSS (>8) often requiring hospital admission and having poor prognosis. Thus, vaccine helps reduce the health burden of the already strained health care system. Immunization visit can also be used as an opportunity to disseminate message to encourage behavior, to reduce transmission risk of COVID-19 virus, to identify the signs and symptoms of disease, and to provide guidance on what to do.

Background Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is new bandit amidst present COVID-19 pandemic, it is an acute and lethal opportunistic fungal infection affecting immunocompromised and diabetic patients. Since the disease has got high morbidity and mortality despite aggressive treatment, radiologists play a very crucial role in early and accurate diagnosis. Erroneous diagnosis should be refrained by logistic approach and thorough clinico-radiological correlation. Material and methods Ours was a cross sectional study included six cases after taking written informed consent who recently presented with mucormycosis like symptoms and imaging findings during a period of 1 month, but by detailed clinical and radiological evaluation, we concluded that all these cases were either physiological mimics or extraneous artefacts, this helped greatly in relieving undue anxiety of patients and referral physicians and also avoided unnecessary further workup. This study was conducted after approval by the institutional ethical committee. Results Our study included 3 males and 3 females of age ranging from 32 to 62 years, all of which had history of COVID-positive having mild to moderate CT severity score who were treated with steroids and oxygen therapy (except one case). The most common presenting symptom was headache followed by nasal congestion. The mucor mimickers encountered were benign black turbinate sign, artifacts due to cosmetic dermal fillers and dental fillings, hemangioma, prolonged prone ventilation, and fungal ball. Conclusions Amidst the sudden spurt in the number of cases of mucormycosis in our country in the present COVID era, there has been an increase in the number of imaging requisitions. This series of cases aims to sensitize radiologists about the importance of detailed clinical history, thorough clinic-radiological correlation and at times also taking extra efforts to reconnect to patients regarding specific clinical history and avoid fallacious diagnosis.

Introduction: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a very catastrophic condition that may result in severe neurologic deficits or even death. Neuroimaging with transcranial ultrasound (US) is a valuable tool in the workup of patients with HIE. The pattern of brain injury depends on the severity and duration of hypoxia and degree of brain maturation.1 Aim: To study imaging spectrum of various stages of HIE Objective: To determine severity of HIE on basis of Neuro-sonography. Settings and Design: The study was conducted at J K Lone Paediatric hospital attached to SMS hospital. It is a Prospective study. Materials and Method: Pre term neonates having some history of hypoxia antenatally or perinatally like placental abruption, low Apgar at delivery, seizures coming to JK lone Paediatric Hospital attached to SMS hospital referred to Dept of Radiodiagnosis for evaluation of HIE were scanned using Transcranial ultrasound it included grayscale on Hitachi machine. Results- Different grades of HIE changes were witnessed. Out of 33 cases: 5 neonates were sonographically normal, 3 showed grade 1 GMH, 3 showed grade 2 GMH, 4 showed grade 3 GMH and 4 showed grade 4 . 3 neonates showed grade 1 PVL, 2 grade 2 PVL, 4 showed grade 3 PVL, 5 showed grade 4 PVL. In doppler findings of ACA, it was noted the RI (resistive index) was on the higher side. Conclusion: Neurosonography and doppler is very helpful non-invasive tool to detect early changes of HIE and assess severity and progression of hypoxic brain injury.     Keywords: HIE, hypoxic brain injury, germinal matrix haemorrhage and periventricular leucomalacia