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Background: India is world’s second most populous country next to China. Family planning is a key intervention for population control. In urban field, most of population (60%) resides in urban slum area with deprived and vulnerable population. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of contraceptive use in married women of reproductive age group also to study socio-demographic factors and sources associated with the contraceptive use and the reasons behind not using.Methods: A community based descriptive cross sectional study of 5 months duration was conducted among married women in reproductive age group (15-45 year) resident of urban slum area. 234 samples were selected by simple random sampling method. Data was collected through interviews of study subjects using a semi structured questionnaire.Results: Out of 234 women, 98 (41.9%) women said that they are using some method of contraception, which are condom (6.8%), OC pills (4.3%), copper-T (4.7%) and female sterilization (26.1%). Religion, socio-economic status is not significantly associated with acceptance of contraception, but the education and employment are the key influencers for the contraceptive use. The major sources of information are doctors from the government hospitals and auxiliary nurse midwives.Conclusions: The prevalence of contraceptive use in married women of reproductive age group (15-45 year) in urban slum area is found to be 41.9%. Spacing methods including the modern methods of contraception are not getting accepted. More efforts should be taken to remove fear and misconceptions about contraceptive use.

Background: Children in urban slums suffer accentuated vulnerability to illnesses, as outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases are more common in urban slums. Though the immunization coverage has been steadily increasing, the average level remains far less, which is 62% (NFHS4) than the desired coverage (90%). Objectives: 1) To estimate Immunization coverage in children aged between 12-23 months living in Urban Slum area 2) To study sociodemographic factors influencing immunization coverage & reasons behind missed vaccination. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2018. A sample of 210 children aged 12-23 months was selected using WHO 30 cluster sampling technique from urban slum areas. Data were collected by parent interviews using the pretested questionnaire and checking immunization card. Results: Out of a total of 210 children studied, 106 were boys, and 104 were girls. BCG, OPV1/Penta1, OPV3/Penta3 and Measles1 immunization was received by 207 (98.6%), 203 (96.7%), 181 (86.2%) and 154 (73.3%) children respectively. Socio-demographic factors like Religion, Birthplace, socio-economic status, mother's education, Mother's Occupation were found significantly associated with full immunization coverage. Common reasons for missed immunization were sick child (35%) and unawareness of missed doses (23%). Conclusion:In urban slum area coverage of full immunization was found only 66.2%, which is though above the national coverage (62%) but still far lower than the expected coverage under Mission Indradhanush (90%). This demands vigorous efforts to improve immunization through IEC, Community Participation and Inter-sectoral coordination.