This study investigated the physicochemical forms of dissolved iron in the coastal plume (salinity = 28-35) of a small river draining a peat-rich catchment. Speciation information was obtained through a combination of fractionation by crossflow filtration (CFF) along with voltammetric detection of either naturally occurring iron-humic complexes (July survey) or known, synthetic complexes (September survey) formed by titrating the samples with the competing ligand 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC). The majority of colloidal iron (>5000 Da) was present as iron-humic complexes supplied by the river and showing uniform conditional stability constants throughout the plume (log K′(Fe′HS) = 11.3 ± 0.1, i.e. log K(Fe₃+HS) = 21.3 ± 0.1). Noncolloidal or soluble iron was strongly complexed to ligands of marine origin with log K′(Fe′HS) = 11.9 ± 0.1. Equilibrium of the total iron pool with the added TAC ligand was achieved in all but the highest salinity sample, albeit more slowly for colloidal than for soluble iron. In addition, measurements of humic like fluorescence suggested that the conformation of colloids could change over time as a result of dissociation of the iron-humic associations. These results are consistent with the concept that iron in coastal waters is strongly but reversibly bound to humic substances and therefore may be available for complexation by siderophore-type ligands released by microorganisms.
The importance of sun exposure on human health is well recognized, and a recent trend in the avoidance of sun exposure has led to the risk of missing the beneficial effects such as vitamin D3 biogenesis. Vitamin D3 insufficiency is one of the risk factors for the development of food allergies (FAs), and vitamin D3 status controls gut homeostasis by modulating the microbiota. This study aimed to explore the impact of daily full spectrum light exposure (phototherapy) on the pathogenesis of FAs. Phototherapy ameliorated allergic diarrhea and improved FA-associated vitamin D3 insufficiency and dysbiosis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of FA donor feces induced allergic diarrhea with OVA-specific IgE elevation in naïve mice. In contrast, FMT of naïve donor feces ameliorated allergic diarrhea in established FA mice, suggesting the involvement of the microbiota composition in FA. Phototherapy is an alternative approach for the prevention of FA-like allergic diarrhea through the modulation of vitamin D3 status and microbiota composition.
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