Purpose To evaluate the serum inflammatory marker levels in serous macular detachment (SMD) secondary to diabetic macular edema (DME). Material and Methods Patients with DME were divided into two groups according to the presence of SMD. Group 1 consisted of 40 patients with SMD, Group 2 consisted of 40 patients without SMD, and Group 3 consisted of 40 healthy subjects. Neutrophil and mean platelet volume (MPV) were obtained from blood samples. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and the systemic immune inflammation index (SII) were calculated. In Group 1 and 2 sub-group analysis was done according to grade of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the results were analyzed in these subgroups. Results The neutrophils, MPV, NLR, and SII levels were significantly higher in Group 1 ( p = 0.000, p = 0.004, p = 0.000, p = 0.001, respectively). In subgroup analysis; the neutrophils, NLR, and SII levels were significantly higher in patients with proliferative DR ( p = 0.044, p = 0.046, p = 0.046, respectively) and the SII levels were significantly higher in patients with severe nonproliferative DR in Group 1 ( p = 0.039). The mean CMT values were 548.8 ± 138.3 µm in Group 1 and 420.1 ± 112.7 µm in Group 2. The CMT values were significantly higher in Group 1 ( p: 0.000). However, there was no significant correlation between the CMT values and the systemic inflamatuar markers levels ( p>0.05) in both of the groups. Conclusions NLR and SII levels were significantly higher in DME with SMD, especially in advanced cases. Elevated serum inflammatory markers might be associated with a higher incidence of SMD.

No abstract

PurposeTo assess structural (optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence) and functional (contrast sensitivity and visual field) test results used for detecting early retinal changes in patients who were using oral hydroxychloroquine.METHODSPatients who were taking oral hydroxychloroquine for at least one year were divided into two groups in accordance with the duration of drug use. Group 1 and 2 comprised patients with drug use exceeding 5 years and 1–5 years, respectively. Besides, drug-free control group was composed. Upon full ophthalmic examination, the mean retinal nerve layer thickness (RNFL), central macular thickness (CMT), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness (GC-IPL), static 10 − 2 visual field, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging, and contrast sensitivity tests were performed and statistically compared between groups.RESULTSRNFL thickness was found to be statistically significantly lower in the median and temporal quadrant than in the control group. No significant difference was found between the groups in the other quadrants. The GC-IPL sectoral and mean thickness were found to be statistically lower in all quadrants as compared to the control group in the patient groups. CMT was also found to be similar in all three groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in visual field parameters. While macular FAF images were significantly higher in the drug users than in the control group, no significant difference was found between the three groups in foveal FAF images. Contrast sensitivity measurements were significantly lower in the patient groups than in the control group at all spatial frequencies except 6 and 18 cycles / degree.CONCLUSIONSThe combined use of structural and functional tests in patients using hydroxychloroquine provides useful information in detecting early retinal changes.

No abstract