Although the involvement of women in the political process as half of the world population is necessary to strengthen democracy, their place is inadequately established in active political life. At every socio-political level around the world, women found themselves as being under-represented in political decision-making. Iranian women are no exception. This paper examines women's political participation in three different historical periods in Iran, namely the Qajar Dynasty, Pahlavi Dynasty, and the period of the Islamic Republic, to show the extent of women's involvement in Iranian' politicos. This paper also examines the hindering and facilitating factors that affect the political participation of women in Iran.
Sejarah telah membuktikan bahawa bahasa Melayu pernah muncul sebagai lingua franca ratusan tahun yang lalu sekali gus merupakan refleksi kepada kehebatan dan ketinggian darjat bahasa tersebut. Lingua franca merujuk kepada bahasa perantara atau bahasa perhubungan antara masyarakat dengan golongan yang berlainan bahasa. Hal ini bermaksud bahasa Melayu merupakan bahasa pergaulan yang mudah dipelajari dan difahami oleh sesiapa sahaja. Lantaran itu, bahasa tersebut berupaya bertindak sebagai jambatan ke arah pengharmonian dan perpaduan dalam kalangan para penuturnya kerana keserasian serta kesefahaman mereka melalui satu bahasa pertuturan yang sama. Kehebatan bahasa Melayu juga turut terserlah apabila perjanjian- perjanjian penting antara pihak penjajah dengan Raja-raja Melayu turut dibuat dalan bahasa Melayu bertulisan jawi seperti Perjanjian Pangkor 1874. Malah ketika zaman penjajahan, bahasa Melayu tidak pernah dihapuskan oleh penjajah. Seterusnya status bahasa Melayu telah diangkat sebagai salah satu daripada elemen-elemen tradisi dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Situasi ini memaparkan bahasa Melayu merupakan sumber jati diri yang kukuh serta berupaya membentuk semangat patriotisme setiap penuturnya yang bergelar rakyat Malaysia. Namun realiti yang berlaku agak berbeza apabila terdapat sebilangan warganegara yang fasih berbahasa Melayu telah memaparkan sikap tidak patriotik mereka secara terang-terangan, terutamanya melalui media sosial. Justeru, kajian ini dilakukan secara kuantitatif untuk meneliti pendirian generasi muda di negara ini terhadap keupayaan bahasa Melayu sebagai wadah semangat patriotisme. Responden kajian ini terdiri daripada 400 mahasiswa Universiti Putra Malaysia dan 400 mahasiswa Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Hasil kajian memaparkan majoriti responden berpendirian bahawa bahasa Melayu sememangnya berupaya bertindak sebagai wadah patriotisme.
Patriotism refers to a good value that benefits the country as a whole. Every citizen must be patriotic to ensure the survival of the country. They need to understand and appreciate the dimension of patriotism first to ensure patriotism is well understood as best as possible. However, some scholars discuss the pros and cons of patriotism that affect the understanding of patriotism meaning. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss in detail the dimensions of patriotism to avoid confusion regarding the actual meaning of patriotism. Hence, secondary data analysis from previous literature consisting of books, book chapters, and journal articles has been done to discuss the dimension. The results of the discussion highlighted six dimensions of patriotism: ego-centric patriotism, value-based patriotism, uncritical/authoritarian patriotism, constructive patriotism, fair patriotism and nationalism in the context of patriotism. The discussion can help readers classify true patriotism and vice versa.
This article is aimed at examining the level of ethnic tolerance in Malaysia, with specific reference to the Johor Bahru and Shah Alam parliamentary. It also aimed at identifying the significance difference of ethnic tolerance in research areas. Using quantitative approach with self-administered set of questionnaire, 434 respondents were involved in this study. The result showed that the people of Johor Bahru are more tolerant than Shah Alam. Both Johor Bahru and Shah Alam can be categorized as having a medium level of ethnic tolerance as attitude and perceptions are more important than the issues of party politics and ethnicity. It also concluded that urban voters of mixed majority constituencies are not bounds with ethnicity and racial issue as they used to previously. It is hoped that this particular study contributed to the current body of knowledge. It is significant where ethnic politics perceived as most important matter, and tolerance has become increasingly Malaysia national agenda in managing multi-diversity society. Implications of findings and recommendations are further discussed.
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