Diabetes mellitus is associated with extensive morbidity and mortality in any human community. It is well understood that the burden of diabetes is attributed to chronic progressive damage in major end-organs, but it is underappreciated that the most superficial and transparent organ affected by diabetes is the cornea. Different corneal components (epithelium, nerves, immune cells and endothelium) underpin specific systemic complications of diabetes. Just as diabetic retinopathy is a marker of more generalized microvascular disease, corneal nerve changes can predict peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, providing a window of opportunity for early treatment. In addition, alterations of immune cells in corneas suggest an inflammatory component in diabetic complications. Furthermore, impaired corneal epithelial wound healing may also imply more widespread disease. The non-invasiveness and improvement in imaging technology facilitates the emergence of new screening tools. Systemic control of diabetes can improve ocular surface health, possibly aided by anti-inflammatory and vasoprotective agents.

The findings demonstrated that there was correlation between sleep apnoea severity and soft tissue overgrowth at the upper airway region in acromegaly. They also suggest that Sandostatin LAR improved obstructive sleep apnoea in acromegaly, and the effect might be partly mediated via a reduction in upper airway soft tissue, in particular that of the tongue, concomitant with a reduction in GH levels.

The finding of MEN1 germ-line mutation in all patients with familial MEN1 syndrome suggests that genetic screening should be useful in our population to identify affected individuals within a kindred and allow early detection of MEN1-related tumours.

Summary. Acromegaly patients are known to have an increased risk of malignancies, especially colonic adenocarcinoma. This may be as a result of the growth-stimulating effect of growth hormone (GH). The clustering of leukaemia in children treated with GH has also caused concern. There have been a few reports of leukaemia in acromegaly patients. We report two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and one patient with acute myeloid leukaemia among 106 acromegaly patients treated over a 15-year period. Two of the cases received radiotherapy as part of their treatment. Adjusted for age and follow-up years, the incidence of leukaemia in this cohort is significantly higher than the general population. The incidence is also higher than would be expected as a result of radiotherapy alone, suggesting that GH may play a synergistic role.

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Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare familial sterol storage disease with accumulation of cholestanol and cholesterol particularly in xanthomas, bile and brain. Magnetic resonance imaging is a useful modality for imaging the affected tissues. It contributes to the evaluation and management of the disease.

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