The study indicates that analysis of morphometric parameters with the help of geographic information system (GIS) would prove a viable method of characterizing the hydrological response behaviour of the watershed. It is also well observed that remote sensing satellite data is emerging as the most effective, time saving and accurate technique for morphometric analysis of a basin. This technique is found relevant for the extraction of river basin and its stream networks through ASTER (DEM) in conjunction with remote sensing satellite data (Landsat etm?, 2013 and georeferenced survey of Indian toposheet, 1972). In this study, Kanhar basin a tributaries of Son River has been selected for detailed morphometric analysis. Seven sub-watersheds are also delineated within this basin to calculate the selected morphometric parameters. Morphometric parameters viz; stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, circulatory ratio, etc., are calculated. The drainage area of the basin is 5,654 km 2 and shows sub-dendritic to dendritic drainage pattern. The stream order of the basin is mainly controlled by physiographic and lithological conditions of the area. The study area is designated as seventhorder basin with the drainage density value being as 1.72 km/km 2 . The increase in stream length ratio from lower to higher order shows that the study area has reached a mature geomorphic stage.
Land use change models are tools to support the analysis of the causes and consequences of land use dynamics. Land use and land cover change (LUCC) has been recognized as an important driver of environmental change on all spatial and temporal scales. The primary objective of this paper is to predict and analyze the present and future growth of Muzaffarpur city and its surrounding, Bihar (India) using the Landsat satellite images of 1988 and 2010. These data are used for change prediction and for preparation of prediction map of year 2025 and 2035. IDRISI, Land Change Modeler (LCM) was used to analyze the land use and land cover changes between various classes during the period 1988-2008. Erdas Imagine software (ver-9.3) were also used to prepare land use/cover classification using image processing supervised classification method in a multi-temporal approach. The prediction of land use land cover change was done on neural network built-in module in the Selva version of IDRISI. The accuracy was obtained as 72.28% for all the conversion types.
Carbonate rocks tend to be oil-wet, leading to lower oil relative permeability and lower oil recovery in the life of a waterflood, which is about 3 pore volume (PV) injection. The goal of this work is to improve oil recovery during secondary waterflood by wettability alteration because of a surfactant addition. The effect of the surfactant is studied by contact angle measurement, spontaneous imbibition, and secondary water/surfactant flood in reservoir cores. The contact angle changes from oil-wet to intermediate-wet in the presence of 0.2 wt % of a surfactant. Brine (without surfactant) does not imbibe into the core spontaneously, but surfactant brine imbibes to the extent of 20% of the oil in place. Secondary waterflooding recovers about 62% of the oil in about 3 PV injection and 80% in about 16 PV. Secondary surfactant flooding recovers about 85% in about 3 PV and about 90% in 4 PV. Injection of 1 PV of surfactant solution followed by waterflood also recovers about 83% of the oil in a total injection of 3 PV. This increase in oil recovery from 62 to 85% by wettability alteration is very significant and needs to be evaluated at the field scale.
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