Introduction. Chemical factors affect the emergence of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks when drinking water consumed in the arid regions of Russia and the world. Material and methods. The objects of the study are samples of water springs located in the city of Saratov. Methods of atomic-absorption spectrometry, spectrophotometry, and potentiometry were used to determine contaminants’ content in water of springs. The health and hygiene safety of spring water was assessed by calculating carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, hazard level, and total hazard level. Results. The unacceptable level of non-carcinogenic risk (HI>1) was established to refer to the development of pathologies of the cardiovascular system and liver and the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, skin, endocrine system. Nitrates are the greatest contributor to the formation of non-carcinogenic hazards of spring water from the sources studied. Discussion. The processes of rotting plant matter, agricultural activities, and exchange between water and underlying aquifer caused the exceeding of the admissible health risk of water springs located at higher elevations was mainly due to. The highest frequency and magnitude of excess non-carcinogenic sanitary and chemical indices are most often characteristic of springs at the highest elevations or located in the zone of active agricultural activity. The Ni2+ ion, with the highest amount of the total carcinogenic risk caused the carcinogenic effect mainly. It corresponds to springs located on the slopes near the freeways. Conclusion. Nitrates, nickel, cadmium, and iron, made the most significant contribution to the risk of non-carcinogenic exposure in drinking water from the studied springs have. The presence of nickel had a more pronounced carcinogenic effect. Toxic non-carcinogenic water action is directed mainly at the cardiovascular system and liver. The use of water from the springs studied decreases with the increase in the height of the source above sea level caused the probability of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. The exchange processes with the underlying aquifer of carbonate rocks, as well as the life of iron-healing bacteria during floods and rains, can explain the effect of the arid climate on the distribution of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks in the spring water of Saratov.
Introduction. An algorithm for evaluating the hygienic safety of drinking water sources based on biotesting and studying sanitary and chemical indicators has been developed and tested. Materials and methods. The research methods included sanitary and chemical analysis of water samples, as well as biotesting methods using single-celled green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijer and bull spermatozoa. Results. For experimental approbation of the developed algorithm for determining the hygienic safety of water based on a two-component system of express biotesting and measurement of sanitary and chemical indicators, 6 underground and 5 surface water sources were evaluated. The response of test objects indicating the presence of acute toxicity in water samples taken from surface and underground in many cases correlates with the excess of MPC for individual indicators identified by sanitary and chemical analysis. For two water samples, differences were found between the results of biotesting and sanitary-chemical analysis, and therefore it is necessary to conduct an extended toxicological and chemical assessment to identify the source of toxic effects. Limitations. The two-component test system cannot be used separately without sanitary and chemical analysis of water media. Conclusion. Biotesting can be an addition to sanitary and chemical analyses, showing the presence of toxic substances that are not in the list of mandatory indicators to be determined (according to MR 2.1.4.0176-20 (in Russian)).
The transformations in the environment occur both under the influence of natural processes and anthropogenic influences. Small rivers are one of the most vulnerable to changes in natural objects. Wastewater is a specific source of pollution for reservoirs: the most frequent pollution of small rivers is caused by flushing from agricultural land. The lower Volga region belongs to regions with unfavorable conditions for water supply, which is caused by a complex of natural and anthropogenic factors. The Saratov region by its geographical location, climate conditions, level of development of socio-economic relations, features of agricultural production largely reflects the regional characteristics of the Lower Volga region and can serve as a model for making management decisions to improve the hygienic conditions of water supply in rural areas of this region. Analysis of the results of laboratory studies, as well as sanitary and topographical study of the coastal zone indicates insufficient implementation of water protection measures on the researched rivers: they are mainly cosmetic in nature and do not contribute to a radical improvement of the sanitary and ecological situation on small rivers. Given the excess of water quality indicators in the flood period, also in the summer, the water of the Nahoy and B. Karaman rivers can be attributed to the second class of water supply sources, which implies the need to clean and disinfect water from these reservoirs when using it for drinking purposes. Values of the total hazard index for small rivers showed a clear seasonal relationship: for samples taken in the summer, they were higher than for samples taken in the spring. The value of non-carcinogenic risk exceeded the acceptable value for all samples, while the greatest contribution to the probability value of risk is made by nitrites, nitrates, iron and manganese, as typical surface water pollutants of arid zone water.
This paper analyzes the parasitological state of natural water bodies — rivers, lakes, springs, wells, as sources of drinking water supply, according to the content of round and flat helminthes. It is shown that climate aridization, which has been taking place in recent decades, causes, first of all, a decrease in the hygienic safety of surface water sources and an increase in the number of some helminth eggs in them, in particular, cestodes, which is associated with an increase in the average annual temperature under conditions of climate aridization. The water of surface water sources has an unfavorable parasitological composition in the presence of helminth eggs in the invasive and non-invasive stages of the life cycle. Reservoirs of the middle and southern latitudes are untidy from the point of view of the parasitological background in terms of the content of helminths. Contamination of water supply sources by eggs and larvae of parasitic worms in arid regions is confirmed by the morbidity of the local population. In the article, we noted various topical methods of preventing specific parasitic diseases — medical examinations of the population, parasitological studies of drinking water, parasitological control of raw materials and fish products, hygienic education and medical examination of the population for the purpose of early active detection of the infected. The presented up-to-date information on the results of sanitary and parasitological studies of environmental objects in different regions of Russia showed that the greatest contamination of round and flat helminths with eggs is characteristic of the southern regions. The example of the Saratov region shows the change of the fauna of endoparasites from humid to subarid and arid regions — nematodes are represented in the Right Bank of the region, and cestodes (Echinococcus) in the Left Bank. Cestodes are most characteristic of an arid climate.
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