Plasmopara viticola (P. viticola, Berk. & M. A. Curtis; Berl. & De Toni) causing grapevine downy mildew is one of the most damaging pathogens to viticulture worldwide. Since its recognition in the middle of nineteenth century, this disease has spread from America to Europe and then to all grapevine-growing countries, leading to significant economic losses due to the lack of efficient disease control. In 1885 copper was found to suppress many pathogens, and is still the most effective way to control downy mildews. During the twentieth century, contact and penetrating single-site fungicides have been developed for use against plant pathogens including downy mildews, but wide application has led to the appearance of pathogenic strains resistant to these treatments. Additionally, due to the negative environmental impact of chemical pesticides, the European Union restricted their use, triggering a rush to develop alternative tools such as resistant cultivars breeding, creation of new active ingredients, search for natural products and biocontrol agents that can be applied alone or in combination to kill the pathogen or mitigate its effect. This review summarizes data about the history, distribution, epidemiology, taxonomy, morphology, reproduction and infection mechanisms, symptoms, host-pathogen interactions, host resistance and control of the P. viticola, with a focus on sustainable methods, especially the use of biocontrol agents.
Jacobiasca lybica (Bergevin & Zanon) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a polyphagous pest that damages grapevines in Europe and citrus fruits in Morocco. Management of this insect is based mainly on chemical control, but there is an urgent need to develop an alternative management tool, such as biological control. In this study, we evaluated the predation rate of the firstto third-instar Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on J. lybica under laboratory conditions. The predation rate of each lacewing instar was determined 24 h after placing an individual lacewing larva in a Petri dish containing a freshly detached grape leaf with 15 adult and five immature leafhoppers. The average predation rate by the third instar was 47.8%, which was significantly higher than that of the second instar (31.1%). The predation rate was not different between the first (21.7%) and second instars. The predation rates for leafhopper nymphs (46.7%) were significantly higher than for the adults (29.1%).
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