Abstract. Schema theory postulates that background knowledge facilitates and speeds up communication. According to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), human communication is dependent on this knowledge, and language users are expected to have the appropriate level of world knowledge across a number of domains. PACTE group at Autonomous University of Barcelona is currently designing a similar framework for translators, and emphasises to the same degree the importance of background knowledge. While the practical need for background knowledge across specialised domains in language learning and in translation has been shown, the specific ways of capturing, organising and making it available for future users remains to be elucidated. The authors of this paper observed two professional interpreters prepare, produce an interpretation, and reflect on their work in the context of a conference in veterinary surgery. On at least four occasions the interpreters felt that their saturation levels were exceeded, and they self-reported the probable disruption in communication. During the follow-up interview they attributed the four problematic situations to their limited understanding of certain concepts that the speaker had chosen to refer to. We identified the exact pieces of information that the interpreters felt they lacked, and worked out a form of capturing, organising and transferring such information so that it be will a natural extension of the traditional self-preparation process. We propose two concepts: (1) The Index of Sophistication to predict the degree of professional complexity of a given text; and (2) A multilingual explanatory Databank, organised as a series of overlapping semantic networks that could help language users visualise and internalise the schemata in Medical domain. We think that this work has implications for interpreter/translator training, as well as for teaching English for Specific Purposes (Medical). By implementing the Index of Sophistication and the Databank, at least for some medical specialties, we could facilitate greater precision and validity of medical translation.Key words: background schemata, medical English, Trauma and Orthopedics, Databank, anticipation strategy, Index of Sophistication, Tight Rope Hypothesis
This study was designed to extend the literature on multicomponent interventions for the children of deaf adults (CODA) population. This study used two evidence-based behavior intervention strategies: pre-session pairing (PSP) and independent group contingency (GC). These strategies have been successfully used to decrease off-task behavior in elementary school children with various abilities and diverse backgrounds. However, the research on multicomponent interventions has yet to examine their effects on the CODA population in inclusive classrooms. This study used a concurrent multiple baseline design across participants with an ABC sequence to examine teacher-implemented PSP with independent GC in reducing the off-task behavior of three CODAs in an inclusive classroom at a public elementary school. The results show that the intervention successfully decreased off-task behavior for all participating CODAs. The results suggest that CODAs can adapt to classroom rules and expectations when PSP and independent GC are systematically applied to them in classrooms.
The promising direction of using the black soldier fly larvae as a feed additive necessitated the use of drying to preserve their organoleptic characteristics and biological value. The following drying methods were investigated: convective drying, convective drying in the infrared field, drying in the microwave field, combined drying (convection in a vibrated bed with heating by a gas infrared generator). For a preliminary assessment of the drying parameters of the black soldier fly larvae, one-factor experiments on the drying kinetics were conducted. In the course of the experiments, the drying regimes and the rate of moisture evaporation were clarified. The moisture content of the dried material was measured over the entire drying period. The energy consumption for moisture evaporation was controlled. As a result, a rational energy-saving method for drying the black soldier fly larvae was revealed.
Strawberries are in demand in confectionery and food industries. Berries are glazed, used in decorating of different confectionery or as a separate tender dessert. The growing season is limited to the summer period, and the demand for berries remains all year round. Low-temperature canning is one of the ways to preserve quality characteristics during the storage of berries. A freezing process is used during storage to maintain quality characteristics. Freezing under conditions of convective heat transfer at a temperature of 18 degrees below zero centigrade does not fully ensure the preservation of the organoleptic properties of the product. For this reason it becomes necessary to conduct an analysis of the existing methods of freezing. The following freezing methods were chosen for the exploring: freezing under conditions of convective heat transfer at a temperature of 18 degrees below zero centigrade, flash freezing under conditions of convective heat transfer at a temperature of 35 degrees below zero centigrade and cryogenic freezing in a carbon dioxide environment using ultrasonic radiation. The conducted studies and their analysis made it possible to obtain the following result: cryogenic freezing provides higher organoleptic characteristics of strawberries, both in frozen and thawed state. This is explained by the size of the forming ice crystals. To limit the growth of crystals, it is proposed to institute ultrasonic vibrations into a laboratory cryogenic freezing machine during the phase transition. The ultrasonic generator puts out oscillations with following parameters: ν≈880 kHz; I ≤0.4 W / cm2.Ultrasonic vibrations affect the strawberries until the temperature in the center of the berries reaches minus 50C.The selected modes of cryogenic freezing in a carbon dioxide environment with intensification of the phase transition are rational, since the freezing time is reduced and the number of crystallization centers increases, ensuring uniform freezing of all moisture. The storage of cryogenically frozen strawberries also showed better preservation. Keywords: CRYOGENIC FREEZING, FLASH FREEZING, CARBON DIOXIDE, GARDEN STRAWBERRY, ORGANOLEPTIC ESTIMATION, PHASE TRANSITION, ULTRASONIC VIBRATION
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