In 1947 Jerzy Łoś proposed a positional logic based on the realization operator. We follow his work and present it in the context of fundamental challenges of sociology such as the complexity of social reality and reflexivity of social agents. The paper is an outline of the general concept, as it opens a discussion and sets ground for future elaborations. In this paper, we are considering the concept according to which the expressions put forward by Łoś's system might be indexed not only by spatial and temporal variables, but also by social contexts. And as such Łoś's system might be a significant improvement, a valuable addition for social simulations and computational sociology, which use multi-agent systems and agent-based modeling. We consider how Łoś's operator might be useful for these disciplines, as it gives a chance to combine of formalization with the humanistic coefficient, which represents the issues of complexity and reflexivity of social agents.
The paper has two main aims. The first one is to discuss the dominant method applied in the studies on interlocking directorates. We examine the issue raised by a number of scholars, who point out that the studies carried out in the past 50 years have been solely focused on identifying correlations, while little attention has been paid to the causes and consequences of the phenomenon of interlocking directorates. We argue that the dominant method that shapes contemporary studies on interlocks is overly concentrated on quantitative aspects and fails to distinguish between the executive and supervisory boards. Our second aim is to present the ways in which this state of affairs can be remedied. We suggest a mixed-method approach and present the instrumental case study conducted on 122 largest companies operating in Poland. We argue that humanistic coefficient is missing from the studies on interlocking directorates and demonstrate that a different methodological approach might help to fill this void.
The last three decades have witnessed a dynamic development of science and technology studies, which have shown science in a way completely different from that presented by the traditional philosophy of science and methodology of social sciences. The authors accept that the findings of those studies concerning the mechanisms of functioning of science are correct and attempt to address again the problem of the difference between those disciplines and the social sciences. Their analysis concerns: the role and importance of laboratories in the social sciences; the “transition” of social phenomena to those laboratories; the possibility of popularization by the social sciences of technological solutions prepared by those laboratories; an incorrect approach to experiment and the acceptance of false ideas of the function of natural sciences by social scientists.
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