Ferritic ODS steel elemental powder compositions with various Zr content (0.3–1.0 wt.%), ground in a Pulverisette 6 planetary ball mill, were extensively studied by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis, microscopic observations, microhardness testing and particle size measurements. A characteristic three-stage process of flattening the soft powders, formation of convoluted lamellae and, finally, formation of nanocrystalline grains was observed. In order to quantify the microstructural properties, expressed mainly in terms of crystallite size and dislocation density, a methodology for detailed and accurate microstructure analysis of nanosized and severely deformed materials was proposed by the Whole Powder Pattern Modelling (WPPM) approach. In the case of the proposed ODS alloy composition, the overlapping of Fe and Cr Bragg reflections makes the microstructure analysis certainly more complicated. The results showed that the microstructure of powders evolved towards the nanocrystalline state consisting of fine (diameter of ~15 nm) and narrowly dispersed domains, with extensive dislocation density exceeding 1016 m−2.
Nowadays, various small specimen test techniques have gained wide popularity and appreciation among researchers as they offer undoubtful benefits in terms of structural material characterisation. This paper focuses on small punch tests (SPTs) performed on small-sized disc specimens to assess the mechanical properties of 14Cr oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel. A numerical model was established to support experimental data and gain deeper insight into complex strain states developing in a deformed specimen. Modern evaluation procedures were discussed for obtaining mechanical properties from the small punch force-deflection response and were compared with the literature. Applicability and universality of those relations at different test conditions were also studied. It appeared that different ball diameters used had negligible influence on yield point but strongly affected ultimate strength estimation. It was found that friction belongs to decisive factors determining strain distribution in samples, as dry conditions increase the peak strain and move its location farther from the punch pole.
Nanocrystalline oxide-dispersion strengthened ferritic alloy formation and its annealing behavior were examined through modern X-ray diffraction pattern analysis and supplemented by microhardness and microscopic measurements. The basic microstructure features, with particular emphasis on evolution of domain size distribution and defect content during mechanical and thermal treatment, were quantified via the whole powder pattern modeling approach. The microstructure of the powdered alloy, formed during mechanical alloying, evolved toward nanocrystalline state consisting of narrow dispersion of very fine crystallites with substantial dislocation density, which exhibited relatively high stability against elevated temperature. It was shown that crystallite size is seriously sustained by the grain-boundary strain, therefore coarsening of grains begins only after the density of dislocations drops below certain level. Obtaining correct results for the annealing-related data at specific temperature range required the incorporation of the “double-phase” model, indicating possible bimodal domain size distribution. The dislocation density and grain size were found not to be remarkably affected after consolidation by hot isostatic pressing.
In this study, microstructural evolution and phase transition of nickel-free Fe-18Cr-18Mn (wt. %) austenitic steel powders, induced by mechanical alloying, were investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microhardness testing techniques were used to observe the changes in the phase composition and particle size as functions of milling time. The first 30 h of mechanical alloying was performed in an argon atmosphere followed by nitrogen for up to 150 h. X-ray diffraction results revealed that the Fe-fcc phase started to form after 30 h of milling, and its fraction continued to increase with alloying time. However, even after 150 h of milling, weak Fe-bcc phase reflections were still detectable (~3.5 wt. %). Basic microstructure features of the multi-phase alloy were determined by X-ray profile analyses, using the whole powder pattern modeling approach to model anisotropic broadening of line profiles. It was demonstrated that the WPPM algorithm can be regarded as a powerful tool for characterizing microstructures even in more complicated multi-phase cases with overlapping reflections. Prolonging alloying time up to 150 h caused the evolution of the microstructure towards the nanocrystalline state with a mean domain size of 6 nm, accompanied by high densities of dislocations exceeding 1016/m2. Deformation-induced hardening was manifested macroscopically by a corresponding increase in microhardness to 1068 HV0.2. Additionally, diffraction data were processed by the modified Williamson–Hall method, which revealed similar trends of domain size evolutions, but yielded sizes twice as high compared to the WPPM method.
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