Worldwide, there is an epidemic of obesity and overweight, with two‐thirds of Americans affected. A strong association exists between excessive body weight and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common etiology of abnormal liver function tests. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of liver disease, from a “bland” fatty infiltration to chronic hepatitis (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis or NASH), that can result in cirrhosis and organ failure. With the increasing prevalence of obesity in the world, the proportion of people affected by NAFLD is only expected to be parallel. Although primarily noted in obese individuals, NAFLD has also been associated with a number of surgical procedures, metabolic conditions, and medications. NASH is commonly underdiagnosed as most affected patients are symptom free, and routine screening is not performed. Noninvasive diagnostic testing is not sensitive in diagnosis or staging the severity of disease. Fatty infiltration and oxidative injury to the hepatocytes are believed to be the major factors behind the progression of disease from simple fatty infiltration of the liver to chronic hepatitis. Understanding the inflammatory pathways involved in NASH is a subject of extensive research. Currently, few proven treatment options exist, and controlled weight reduction is the only safe modality recommended for treatment of NASH.

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The features of decommunization on the example of the toponymic policy of Ukraine and Poland are explored in the article. The “last” wave of decommunization of the city toponymics, which began in 2014 and peaked in 2015–2017, was the object of interest. 14 Ukrainian and Polish cities were selected for comparative research. The study covered all decommunization legal acts in selected cities. 451 urbanonims were analyzed, the vast majority of which were decommunizated in Ukraine (89%). Polish cities accounted for 11% of the total renamed amount, respectively.The content-statistical analysis made it possible to determine the scale of urbanonymy changes, the recurrence of old and new urbanonymy in the sample under study. The classification of old and new names has been carried out in terms of persons, events, or other objects and phenomena. As a result, objective information was obtained to assess the scale, intensity, and territorial characteristics of urban changes in both states. It has been established that, although in general toponymic decommunization was supported and understood in both states by a significant part of society, it caused certain ideological, political, organizational, and competence contradictions. Decommunization toponymic policy in Ukraine and Poland has not only common but also distinctive features. In particular, the renaming in Ukraine turned out to be several times larger than the Polish one. Along with the signs of decommunization, it also bore signs of de-Russification of symbolic space. Decommunized names in Ukraine turned out to be, on the whole, more neutral, compromise and de-ideologized. It was revealed that, unlike the Ukrainian one, the Polish judicial system often defended local self-government bodies from attempts by the central government under the guise of decommunization to interfere in local urbanonymy politics.

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