The pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (FF), thiamphenicol (TP) and chloramphenicol (CP) after single intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration was studied in an independent cross-over study in broiler turkeys. All the fenicol antibiotics were administered at a dose of 30 mg/kg b.w. and their concentrations in plasma samples were assayed using the same validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by a noncompartmental method. The kinetic profiles of the compounds were compared with the results of the structure-activity relationship. According to the proposed mathematical description, no differences in plasma clearance values for the studied antibiotics were observed. The mean residence time values of FF, TF, and CP after i.v. injection were 3.37+/-0.63, 2.43+/-0.29, and 2.12+/-0.21 h, respectively. The mean values of Varea for FF (1.39+/-0.31 L/kg) and TP (1.31+/-0.19 L/kg) were similar, but significantly different from that of CP (1.04+/-0.12 L/kg). The bioavailabilities of FF, TP, and CP after oral administration were 82%, 69%, and 45%, respectively. Differences in the bioavailability values of the compared fenicol antibiotics correspond to the ratio of the apolar/polar surface areas of their particles.

1. Pharmacokinetics of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and sodium salicylate (SS) were assessed following single intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration at doses of 50 mg/kg body weight to chickens and turkeys. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using a non-compartmental model. 2. The mean residence time (MRT) of salicylate (SA) after i.v. administration of SS was 6.08 ± 0.59 and 3.32 ± 0.27 h and after oral administration was 6.95 ± 0.72 and 4.55 ± 0.71 h in chickens and turkeys, respectively. The elimination half-life (T 1/2 e) was shorter in turkeys compared with chickens. The value of body clearance (ClB) was higher in turkeys than in chickens, but the apparent volume of distribution (V ss) was similarly low in both species. The bioavailability of SS was complete and the maximal plasma concentration of SA (C max) after oral administration was 96.93 ± 8.06 and 91.76 ± 9.64 µg/ml, respectively, in chickens and turkeys. 3. The MRT of ASA after iv administration was 0.24 ± 0.08 and 0.24 ± 0.02 h and after oral administration was 0.78 ± 0.25 and 0.59 ± 0.13 h, respectively, in chickens and turkeys. In both species, T 1/2 e was very short, ClB and V ss were similar and markedly higher than those of salicylate. The bioavailability of unchanged ASA was low and C max after oral administration was 6.9 ± 3.6 µg/ml in chickens and 8.6 ± 1.3 µg/ml in turkeys.

The following article concerns the functional use of horse bones in the early Middle Ages (mainly in the period from the mid of the 10th to the 12th/13th century). The authors try to explain how such remains were used and how common it was. It is also discussed whether the special role of the horse in medieval societies somehow restricted its post-mortem usage, or perhaps there was no difference between the skeletal remains of horses and other species in this regard. For this purpose, statistical calculations on the use of the bones of various mammals were made. Only the remains of the species determined during the archaeozoological analysis were taken into account. The specific use of individual parts of a horse skeleton was also noted. In addition, the analysis also encompasses all other types of horse remains that could be used by humans (hide, hair, etc.). The consumption of horse meat was discussed separately: on the basis of the preserved traces, an attempt was made to determine whether it had happened, and if so, how popular it had been. Overall, such comprehensive analysis aims to show the various roles of the horse. It was not only a mount, but also a beast of burden, a source of food and raw material as well. The main purpose of this study is to describe the role of horses in human medieval societies of Ostrów Tumski on the basis of accessible equid remains. The highlighting of the human–horse relationship in the past allows us to understand the importance and value of the horse both as a life companion and the source of food or leather and bone tools.

This article pertains to the issue of early medieval dogs (10th–mid-13th century) from the territory of Poland and Central Europe. The study is based on dog remains from the Wroclaw Cathedral Island (Ostrów Tumski), one of the most important administrative centres of early medieval Poland, the capital of a secular principality and the seat of diocese authorities. The main morphological and functional types of dogs living in Wroclaw and other parts of Poland were characterized on that basis. It has been concluded that the roles and perceptions of dogs were very ambiguous. On the one hand, they were hunting companionship for the elite and were considered a symbol of devotion and loyalty. On the other hand, dogs symbolised disgrace. In everyday life, these animals were sometimes abused, their skin was sometimes tanned and their bones modified into tools, and in exceptional cases, dogs were even eaten.

Zasadniczym celem podjętym przez autorów artykułu jest prześledzenie postępującego w XIX w. kryzysu młynarstwa opartego na energii koła wodnego. Proces głębokich zmian prowadzących do zaniku młynów wodnych w tradycyjnym kształcie był efektem wprowadzenia nowych źródeł energii. Zjawisko to jest zagadnieniem z zakresu historii powszechnej i nie wymaga dokładnego wyjaśnienia. Natomiast wiedza o tempie i zakresie zmian w wymiarze regionalnym jest skromna. Niewiele wiadomo o przebiegu powolnej modernizacji urządzeń wodnych, który odbywał się ustawicznie od średniowiecza i o próbach dostosowania się do nowych warunków w fazie postępującej industrializacji. Do tej pory nie zajmowano się tym problemem szczegółowo, a jak się wydaje, jest on fascynujący i zawiera wiele wątków odnoszących się do rodzajów konstrukcji dawnych młynów i ich jakości, źródeł pozyskiwania i nabywania kamieni młyńskich oraz poziomu życia młynarzy, widzianego przez pryzmat kultury materialnej. Zagadnieniem wartym uwagi są również trwałe przekształcenia krajobrazu kulturowego -powstałe w związku z infrastrukturą młynów liczne groble, kanały i rozległe niekiedy stawy 1 .Analizę tak ujętego zjawiska gospodarczego, ale też kulturowego, przeprowadzono na przykładzie losów jednego z młynów we wsi Bystrzyca w pobliżu miasteczka Wleń, na południowym zachodzie Dolnego Śląska (ryc. 1). Badania oparto na metodach i źródłach kilku dyscyplin, głównie archeologii, historii i geografii, sumowanych w obrębie subdyscypliny określanej jako archeologia historyczna. Na bazę źródłową złożyły się lokalne przekazy pisane, archiwalia kartograficzne oraz wyniki podjętych w 2019 r. badań wykopaliskowych wraz z prospekcją nieinwazyjną.Studia nad dawnym młynarstwem wodnym prowadzone są w Europie i na świecie, a dotyczą różnorodnych wątków badawczych. Zaliczają się do nich nie tylko zmiany w technologii samych urządzeń, lecz również studia krajobrazowe lub nad życiem codziennym młynarzy i ich rodzin. Wśród badaczy zajmujących się tematem są historycy, analizujący uwarunkowania prawne lokowania młynów, aspekty techniczne lub stosunki własnościowe 2 , geografowie, badający wpływ dawnego młynarstwa na przekształcenia krajobrazowe i sieć wodną 3 , języko-