Due to an increasing number of depression diagnoses and limited effective treatments, researchers continue to explore novel therapeutic strategies for this disorder. Recently, interest has revolved around the use of serotonergic psychedelics to reduce the symptoms of depression. In this systematic review, we summarize the currently available knowledge on the safety and efficacy of psychedelic substances for the treatment of depression. A literature search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database identified 14 clinical trials from the last 10 years that examined the use of psilocybin, MDMA, DMT, or LSD for the treatment of depression symptoms. Some psychedelics, especially psilocybin, demonstrated an ability to reduce depressive symptoms as measured by several psychological scales, which was often sustained for months after the last psychedelic session. Moreover, one study revealed that psilocybin has comparable efficacy to escitalopram in the treatment of depression. None of the studies reported any serious adverse events associated with psychedelic administration. The reviewed studies suggest that psychedelics have great potential in depression therapy and, after addressing and overcoming the current study limitations, may be used as a novel method of treating depression in the future.
Introduction: The count of psychiatric patients is growing. The same trend it is observed among cardiovascular diseases and metabolic like diabetes. Many people take drugs which may affect on mental state. On the one hand that drugs could have pleotropic mechanism of action which are beginning to use in treatment of psychiatry. The other hand is showed undiscovered field of impact on brain working. Methods and Aim: Shown the psychiatric aspect, like side effects and unusual use, of the most used cardiological drugs. To do this, research of articles was done with the help of data bases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: The most used cardiological drugs are beta blockers, calcium canal blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, nitrates, cilostazol, amiodarone and clonidine In this article it was shown current known about those drugs like mechanism of action and a report of psychiatric clinical trials. Beta-blockers are the most commonly used group of cardiological drugs as the one that significantly affects mental health. Their therapeutic importance has been noted in diseases such as: PTSD or stage fright. It was also long believed that they could make depression worse, but the latest research strongly contradicts this. A positive effect in the treatment of depression can also be obtained by usage of inhibitors of the RAA. Calcium channel blockers are another group of cardiac drugs that are important in the regulation of mood in bipolar disorder. To sum up, a large proportion of cardiac drugs can influence the flow of psychiatric diseases, and the use of them may be clinically desirable in patients with bothcardiac and psychiatric problems.
According to current classification systems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) cannot be diagnosed unless its symptoms have been present already in childhood. Recently, this view has begun to be challenged with the thesis that the disorder may have its onset later in life (adolescence or young adulthood). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnostic criteria for ADHD are more liberal than those of the International Classification of Disease (ICD). Moreover, reports have begun to emerge demonstrating a different clinical picture in patients diagnosed with ADHD according to current guidelines and in a cohort with the onset in adulthood. The symptomatology of the disease in adults differs from that presented by children. Additionally, theories on the different etiopathogenesis of these entities have been advanced. These data have led to the proposal of distinguishing late-onset ADHD. There are also critical voices in the literature that question the possibility of developing ADHD symptoms in adulthood. Despite insufficient data and arguments to support the thesis of late-onset ADHD, there is a need for discussion and further exploration of the age at which ADHD may appear.
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