Many enterprise software services are adopting a fully web-based architecture for both internal line-of-business applications and for online customer-facing applications. Although wireless connections are becoming more ubiquitous and faster, mobile employees and customers are often offline due to expected or unexpected network disruptions. Nevertheless, continuous operation of the software is expected. This paper presents OWebSync: a web-based middleware for data synchronization in interactive groupware with fast resynchronization of offline clients and continuous, interactive synchronization of online clients. To automatically resolve conflicts, OWebSync implements a fine-grained data synchronization model and leverages state-based Conflict-free Replicated Data Types. This middleware uses Merkle-trees embedded in the tree-structured data and virtual Merkle-tree levels to achieve the required interactive performance. Our comparative evaluation with available operation-based and delta-state-based middleware solutions shows that OWebSync is especially better in operating in and recovering from offline settings and network disruptions. In addition, OWebSync scales more efficiently over time, as it does not store version vectors or other meta-data for all past clients.
Centralized systems relying on a trusted third party are being replaced by decentralized systems using proof-of-work blockchains to reach consensus between multiple mistrusting parties. Due to the high energy usage of such systems, many solutions using a Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm to reach consensus have emerged. While those systems solve the energy and safety concerns of proof-of-work blockchains, they still require a peer to store the full ledger and need a complex backend infrastructure to get started.This paper presents a lightweight middleware running in the browser, designed for small businesses and end-users unable to set up a complex private blockchain business network. The middleware for consensus runs entirely in the browser, with only a small server-side component used for the peerto-peer discovery. We achieve fast confirmation times while guaranteeing safety and liveness for honest users. We also do not maintain a ledger, reducing the overall storage footprint. CCS Concepts• Security and privacy → Distributed systems security; • Networks → Peer-to-peer protocols;• Information systems → Web applications.
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