On Instagram, the number of followers is a common success indicator. Hence, followers selling services become a huge part of the market. Influencers become bombarded with fake followers and this causes a business owner to pay more than they should for a brand endorsement. Identifying fake followers becomes important to determine the authenticity of an influencer. This research aims to identify fake users' behavior, and proposes supervised machine learning models to classify authentic and fake users. The dataset contains fake users bought from various sources, and authentic users. There are 17 features used, based on these sources: 6 metadata, 3 media info, 2 engagement, 2 media tags, 4 media similarity. Five machine learning algorithms will be tested. Three different approaches of classification are proposed, i.e. classification to 2-classes and 4-classes, and classification with metadata. Random forest algorithm produces the highest accuracy for the 2-classes (authentic, fake) and 4-classes (authentic, active fake user, inactive fake user, spammer) classification, with accuracy up to 91.76%. The result also shows that the five metadata variables, i.e. number of posts, followers, biography length, following, and link availability are the biggest predictors for the users class. Additionally, descriptive statistics results reveal noticeable differences between fake and authentic users.
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a phosphate mobile app (PMA), MyKidneyDiet-Phosphate Tracker ©2019, on hemodialysis (HD) patients with hyperphosphatemia. A multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial design allowed randomization of patients with hyperphosphatemia to either the usual care group (UG; receiving a single dietitian-led session with an education booklet) or the PMA group (PG). Thirty-three patients in each intervention group completed the 12-week study. Post-intervention, serum phosphorus levels were reduced in both groups (PG: −0.25 ± 0.42 mmol/L, p = 0.001; UG: −0.23 ± 0.33 mmol/L, p < 0.001) without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). Patients in both groups increased their phosphate knowledge (PG: 2.18 ± 3.40, p = 0.001; UG: 2.50 ± 4.50, p = 0.003), without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). Dietary phosphorus intake of both groups was reduced (PG: −188.1 ± 161.3 mg/d, p < 0.001; UG: −266.0 ± 193.3 mg/d, p < 0.001), without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). The serum calcium levels of patients in the UG group increased significantly (0.09 ± 0.20 mmol/L, p = 0.013) but not for the PG group (−0.03 ± 0.13 mmol/L, p = 0.386), and the treatment difference was significant (p = 0.007). As per phosphate binder adherence, both groups reported a significant increase in Morisky Medication Adherence Scale scores (PG: 1.1 ± 1.2, p < 0.001; UGa: 0.8 ± 1.5, p = 0.007), without any treatment difference (p > 0.05). HD patients with hyperphosphatemia using the PMA achieved reductions in serum phosphorus levels and dietary phosphorus intakes along with improved phosphate knowledge and phosphate binder adherence that were not significantly different from a one-off dietitian intervention. However, binder dose adjustment with meal phosphate content facilitated by the PMA allowed stability of corrected calcium levels, which was not attained by UC patients whose binder dose was fixed.
Hyperphosphatemia afflicts end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, contributing to comorbidities and mortality. Management strategies are dialysis, phosphate binder, and limiting dietary phosphate intake, but treatment barriers are poor patient compliance and low health literacy arising from low self-efficacy and lack of educational resources. This study describes developing and validating a phosphate mobile application (PMA). The PMA development based on the seven-stage Precaution Adoption Process Model prioritized titrating dietary phosphate intake with phosphate binder dose supported by educational videography. Experts (n = 13) first evaluated the PMA for knowledge-based accuracy, mobile heuristics, and clinical value. Adult HD patients validated the improved PMA using the seven-point mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ). Patient feedback (n = 139) indicated agreement for ease of use (69.2%), interface and satisfaction (69.0%), and usefulness (70.1%), while 72.7% said they would recommend this PMA. The expectation confirmation for 25 PMA features ranged from 92.1% (lifestyle) up to 100.0% (language option); and the utilization rate of each feature varied from 21.6% (goal setting and feature-based log) to 91.4% (information on dietary phosphate and phosphate binder). The Conclusions: MyKidneyDiet-Phosphate Tracker PMA was acceptable to adult Malaysian HD patients as part of clinical phosphate management in low-resource settings.
The learning process can be done by utilizing multiple media, such as sounds, images, and animation. In general, the available learning media only use one medium that is either images or texts. Combining some elements of these mediums will complement each other. In this research, an interactive learning media application for digestive system will be created. There are 3 topics in this application, i.e. illness, digestive system, and test. The simulation was made interactive, with interactivities such as hover, click and drag with the mouse, and type using keyboard. The test menu contains multiple choice and hangman. This application was created with Adobe Flash CS6 and ActionScript 3 as the programming language. This application is tested to several users using questionnaire. Based on the results of the survey, memory and subjective satisfaction has a 85% of score because of easyness of use and easy navigation. A hurried user often had difficulties in doing the test because they didn't read the instructions given.
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