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Acute hydrocarbon exposure can result in a wide array of pathology, such as encephalopathy, pneumonitis, arrhythmia, acidosis, and dermatitis. Intentional inhalational and accidental ingestion exposures with aspiration lead to the greatest morbidity and mortality.

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Organophosphates are commonly used as pesticides around the world. Exposures to organophosphates cause a significant number of poisonings and deaths each year. Organophosphates bind and inhibit cholinesterase enzymes. Acute toxicity manifests as a cholinergic crisis with excessive glandular secretions, altered mental status, and weakness. Several delayed syndromes have also been associated with organophosphate exposure, including a myasthenic-like syndrome, peripheral neuropathies, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, and extrapyramidal disorders. Clinical features and management of organophosphate poisoning is reviewed with emphasis on those affecting the central and peripheral nervous system.