This manuscript provides a concise review of the combined imaging and chemical sensing (CICS) technique performed with imaging fiber chemical sensors (IFCSs) and represents the first demonstration of CICS using a disposable microscope objective chemical sensor (dMOCS). The dMOCS assembly comprises two pieces that clamp around an imaging system's objective and a third adjoining piece that positions a sensing layer onto a sample's surface and within the objective's field of view. The prototype layer was oxygen-sensitive and was fabricated using a luminescent ruthenium metal complex and a gas permeable polymeric membrane. O 2 -sensitive dMOCSs were characterized with respect to their imaging capabilities, sensitivity, and temporal response, and the feasibility of performing a high-content screening assay was demonstrated with preliminary measurements of oxygen dynamics from living cells. While IFCSs are a requisite for analyzing remote samples that cannot be brought to a microscope stage, for those samples that can, CICS with a dMOCS possesses advantages with respect to spatial resolution, ease of fabrication, cost, and viewing area.
Kupffer cells were the principal source of IL-6 produced in the livers of mice following i.v. inoculation of Listeria monocytogenes. IL-6 mRNA expression and the production of IL-6 were reduced drastically within the nonparenchymal liver cell population derived from mice rendered Kupffer cell depleted by pretreatment with liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate. A sharp increase in the appearance of activated STAT3 occurred in extracts of purified hepatocytes derived from normal mice infected i.v. with Listeria. Remarkably, the kinetics of this increase overlapped IL-6 mRNA expression by Kupffer cells; each peaked at approximately 30 min postinfection. No increase in STAT3 activation was observed in IL-6-deficient or Kupffer cell-depleted animals. The results of these experiments indicate that the synthesis of IL-6 and the activation of STAT3 within hepatocytes are critical functions of Kupffer cells occurring very early during the course of systemic listerial infections.
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