The study demonstrates that estrogen but not progesterone blocks T cell development in the thymus. However, contrary to our expectation, estrogen deprivation by oophorectomy does not enhance T cell development.
Monitoring antimicrobial exposure and diagnosis codes for certain procedures identifies more postoperative infections than routine surveillance methods.
Claims data complement other data sources for identification of surgical site infections following breast surgery and cesarean section.
Airway cilia depend on precise changes in shape to transport the mucus gel overlying mucosal surfaces. The ciliary motion can be recorded in several planes using video microscopy. However, cilia are densely packed, and automated computerized systems are not available to convert these ciliary shape changes into forms that are useful for testing theoretical models of ciliary function. We developed a system for converting planar ciliary motions recorded by video microscopy into an empirical quantitative model, which is easy to use in validating mathematical models, or in examining ciliary function, e.g., in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The system we developed allows the manipulation of a model cilium superimposed over a video of beating cilia. Data were analyzed to determine shear angles and velocity vectors of points along the cilium. Extracted waveforms were used to construct a composite waveform, which could be used as a standard. Variability was measured as the mean difference in position of points on individual waveforms and the standard. The shapes analyzed were the end-recovery, end-effective, and fastest moving effective and recovery with mean (Ϯ SE) differences of 0.31(0.04), 0.25(0.06), 0.50(0.12), 0.50(0.10), m, respectively. In contrast, the same measures for three different PCD waveforms had values far outside this range. model; empirical; video; ciliated epithelia; primary ciliary dyskinesia CILIA AND FLAGELLA ARE CELLULAR organelles, which undergo dynamic cyclic shape changes that propel fluid. Most epithelial cells of the conducting airways of the lung are ciliated, and it is the function of these cells to propel mucus so that the airway is cleared of inhaled microbes and particulates. Impaired ciliary or flagellar motion is a characteristic of a number of human diseases (18,22); primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and cystic fibrosis typify failures of ciliary function as a result of defects intrinsic to cilia and the result of the ciliary environment, respectively.Because the geometry of dynein-tubulin interactions and the periodic nature of dynein activation are lost when the axoneme is dismantled, it is not possible to elucidate the mechanism generating the dynamics from experiments with isolated dynein motors processing on microtubules. It is necessary to study the dynamics directly. For flagella, clear video images allow the accurate recording organelle shapes by hand and the derivation of parameters such as curvature (17,23). Automated video analysis that can be used to digitize flagellar shapes and extract dynamics has been demonstrated by Baba and Mogami (1). Given the symmetry of the flagellar beat, Eshel and Brokaw (9) showed that recording shear angle from video frames enabled the fitting of the dynamics over many cycles to a trigonometric function, thus allowing the dynamics to be described with a smooth parameter set. Some theoretical dynamics have been coupled to the experimentally acquired dynamics. For example, the shear angle of the flagellar dynamics has been used to analyze dyn...
Two fundamental mechanisms within alveoli are essential for lung function: regulated fluid transport and secretion of surfactant. Surfactant is secreted via exocytosis of lamellar bodies (LBs) in alveolar type II (ATII) cells. We recently reported that LB exocytosis results in fusion-activated cation entry (FACE) via P2X₄ receptors on LBs. We propose that FACE, in addition to facilitating surfactant secretion, modulates alveolar fluid transport. Correlative fluorescence and atomic force microscopy revealed that FACE-dependent water influx correlated with individual fusion events in rat primary ATII cells. Moreover, ATII cell monolayers grown at air-liquid interface exhibited increases in short-circuit current (Isc) on stimulation with ATP or UTP. Both are potent agonists for LB exocytosis, but only ATP activates FACE. ATP, not UTP, elicited additional fusion-dependent increases in Isc. Overexpressing dominant-negative P2X₄ abrogated this effect by ∼50%, whereas potentiating P2X4 lead to ∼80% increase in Isc. Finally, we monitored changes in alveolar surface liquid (ASL) on ATII monolayers by confocal microscopy. Only stimulation with ATP, not UTP, led to a significant, fusion-dependent, 20% decrease in ASL, indicating apical-to-basolateral fluid transport across ATII monolayers. Our data support the first direct link between LB exocytosis, regulation of surfactant secretion, and transalveolar fluid resorption via FACE.
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