Précis: For patients with glaucoma, metabolic syndrome was associated with higher intraocular pressure and greater central corneal thickness. Patients with metabolic syndrome were more likely to have ocular hypertension. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether glaucomatous optic neuropathy, also known as glaucoma, and ocular hypertension are more likely to occur in patients with metabolic syndrome. Patients and Methods: Patients in Olmsted County, MN, were identified as having metabolic syndrome based on diagnosis codes, laboratory values, and/or medication use to meet 3 or more of the 5 standard criteria for diagnosing metabolic syndrome: systemic hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and central adiposity defined by increased body mass index. Patients with glaucoma, including primary open angle, low tension, pigment dispersion, and pseudoexfoliation, were identified using diagnostic codes. The charts of patients with glaucoma were individually reviewed to collect visual acuity, intraocular pressure, cup to disc ratio, central corneal thickness, visual field mean deviation, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and treatment of intraocular pressure. Patients with ocular hypertension were separately identified and similarly evaluated. Results: For patients with glaucoma, those with metabolic syndrome had higher intraocular pressure and greater central corneal thickness compared with those without metabolic syndrome. After adjustment for central corneal thickness, there was no longer a significant difference in intraocular pressure between groups. Metabolic syndrome was also associated with the diagnosis of ocular hypertension, and although central corneal thickness trended higher in patients with metabolic syndrome, it did not attain statistical significance. Conclusion: In Olmsted County, though metabolic syndrome was associated with ocular hypertension and higher intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma, the results were likely related to a thicker central corneal in this patient population.
The Rho kinase inhibitor netarsudil is a recently approved therapeutic option for the management of increased intraocular pressure in the United States. Although phase 3 clinical trials noted corneal changes related to the medication-namely, nonvisually-significant corneal verticillata-descriptions of a unique form of cystic epithelial edema began to surface as netarsudil (and its sister drug ripasudil, approved in Japan) gained widespread use. This series adds 3 new cases and reviews the current literature on this unique side effect.
PurposeTo determine whether metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk factor for various forms of optic neuropathy including non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION).MethodsThis population-based analysis identified patients ≥40 years of age in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA using the Rochester Epidemiology Project 2005–2018. Patients with MetS were identified if three or more of the five standard criteria for diagnosing MetS were present: systemic hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (hypoalphalipoproteinaemia) and central adiposity defined by increased body mass index. Charts of patients identified as having an optic neuropathy were reviewed to record specific diagnoses and compared with patients without ocular pathology other than cataract. The odds ratio (OR) of association with MetS was calculated and adjusted for age, sex and race with multivariate analysis for the various optic neuropathies.ResultsPatients with MetS were more likely to have an optic neuropathy than those without (OR 2.2, p<0.001). After adjusting for age, sex and race, the only optic neuropathy found to be significantly associated with MetS was NAION (OR 6.17, p=0.002). For patients with NAION, though each individual component of MetS was individually significantly associated with MetS, further analysis suggested that hypertriglyceridaemia, hypoalphalipoproteinaemia and hyperglycaemia were likely the key drivers in the overall significance between NAION and MetS.ConclusionPatients with MetS were more likely to have NAION. Further studies are needed to determine whether MetS is a modifiable risk factor for NAION.
Background Eyes with a short axial length or anterior chamber depth often develop narrowed anterior chamber angles in association with an enlarging crystalline lens. We report a case of a patient who presented in angle closure, with a distant history of prior intervention for congenital cataracts and was presumed to be aphakic. Case presentation A 78-year-old male presented with acute onset unilateral eye pain and blurred vision. He was found to have increased intraocular pressure, anteriorly bowed iris, and angle closure. Despite prior documentation of aphakia after treatment for congenital cataracts, detailed workup revealed residual crystalline lens material pushing the peripheral iris anteriorly. Further history confirmed that the patient underwent a procedure in the 1940’s to remove lens material centrally but was not truly aphakic. The patient was treated with anterior chamber paracentesis and intraocular pressure lowering drops. His intraocular pressure remains controlled with medical therapy alone. Conclusions Patients that appear to be aphakic centrally may still present with angle closure secondary to residual peripheral lens material. This case highlights the importance of keeping this etiology on the differential in a patient with presumed aphakia.
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