AimIn recent years evidence has accumulated that plant species are differentially sorted from regional assemblages into local assemblages along local-scale environmental gradients on the basis of their function and abiotic filtering. The favourability hypothesis in biogeography proposes that in climatically difficult regions abiotic filtering should produce a regional assemblage that is less functionally diverse than that expected given the species richness and the global pool of traits. Thus it seems likely that differential filtering of plant traits along local-scale gradients may scale up to explain the distribution, diversity and filtering of plant traits in regional-scale assemblages across continents. The present work aims to address this prediction.Location North and South America. MethodsWe combine a dataset comprising over 5.5 million georeferenced plant occurrence records with several large plant functional trait databases in order to: (1) quantify how several critical traits associated with plant performance and ecology vary across environmental gradients; and (2) provide the first test of whether the woody plants found within 1°and 5°map grid cells are more or less functionally diverse than expected, given their species richness, across broad gradients. ResultsThe results show that, for many of the traits studied, the overall distribution of functional traits in tropical regions often exceeds the expectations of random sampling given the species richness. Conversely, temperate regions often had narrower functional trait distributions than their smaller species pools would suggest. Main conclusionThe results show that the overall distribution of function does increase towards the equator, but the functional diversity within regional-scale tropical assemblages is higher than that expected given their species richness. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that abiotic filtering constrains the overall distribution of function in temperate assemblages, but tropical assemblages are not as tightly constrained.

Background and Aims Global plant trait datasets commonly identify trait relationships that are interpreted to reflect fundamental trade-offs associated with plant strategies, but often these trait relationships are not identified when evaluating them at smaller taxonomic and spatial scales. In this study we evaluate trait relationships measured on individual plants for five widespread Protea species in South Africa to determine whether broad-scale patterns of structural trait (e.g. leaf area) and physiological trait (e.g. photosynthetic rates) relationships can be detected within natural populations, and if these traits are themselves related to plant fitness. Methods We evaluated the variance structure (i.e. the proportional intraspecific trait variation relative to among-species variation) for nine structural traits and six physiological traits measured in wild populations. We used a multivariate path model to evaluate the relationships between structural traits and physiological traits, and the relationship between these traits and plant size and reproductive effort. Key Results While intraspecific trait variation is relatively low for structural traits, it accounts for between 50 and 100 % of the variation in physiological traits. Furthermore, we identified few trait associations between any one structural trait and physiological trait, but multivariate regressions revealed clear associations between combinations of structural traits and physiological performance (R2 = 0.37–0.64), and almost all traits had detectable associations with plant fitness. Conclusions Intraspecific variation in structural traits leads to predictable differences in individual-level physiological performance in a multivariate framework, even though the relationship of any particular structural trait to physiological performance may be weak or undetectable. Furthermore, intraspecific variation in both structural and physiological traits leads to differences in plant size and fitness. These results demonstrate the importance of considering measurements of multivariate phenotypes on individual plants when evaluating trait relationships and how trait variation influences predictions of ecological and evolutionary outcomes.

Summary1. Community-wide studies have shown that functional traits of tropical trees vary with soiltype preference, but few have examined trait diversification among closely related taxa. In this study, we asked how functional traits of adults and saplings within a speciose genus, Inga, differ in relation to their soil-type preferences. 2. We quantified soil-type preference and functional traits of nine Inga species (Fabaceae) in the wet tropical forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, where rich alluvial soil and less fertile residual soil of volcanic origin occur in close proximity. 3. From the extensive trail network, we randomly selected 104 trail segments, each 50 m long, along which all Inga individuals >50 cm tall were counted and identified to species. Five and three common species showed significant bias to residual or alluvial soil, respectively, while the remaining one showed no significant bias. For these nine species, we quantified five leaf traits for saplings and adults, as well as wood-specific gravity (WSG) and three seed traits. 4. For both adults and saplings, leaf mass per area (LMA) and lamina density were higher for residual-soil specialists than fertile alluvial-soil specialists. The opposite trend was found for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in leaves. Lamina thickness did not differ between soil-type preference groups. All leaf trait values except N concentration increased from saplings to adults, with adults showing larger interspecific variations in trait values than saplings. 5. Saplings and adults of the single species found on both soils had trait values intermediate between residual and alluvial-soil specialists. 6. Seed mass and seed N, as well as WSG of adults, were higher in residual-soil specialists than alluvial-soil specialists. Higher seed N indicates higher maternal investment of species growing on less fertile soil. 7. These differences in traits among closely related species across continuous soils suggest that habitat filtering has contributed to the evolution of seed, juvenile and adult traits within a speciose tropical tree genus.

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Drought is a major agricultural challenge and is expected to worsen with climate change. Exploring plant traits and how they respond to drought has the potential to improve understanding of drought tolerance and inform breeding efforts to develop more drought tolerant plants. Given their importance in plant-water relations, we explored variation and plasticity in leaf traits in response to water limitation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). A set of four sunflower genotypes was grown under four different levels of water availability and leaf vein and stomatal traits were measured along with total biomass (as an indicator of performance), leaf mass per area (LMA), chlorophyll content, and various mass fraction traits related to resource allocation (e.g., leaf, root, and stem mass fraction). Traits exhibited numerous bivariate correlations within treatments that generally followed expectations based on the literature. For example, stomatal size and density were negatively correlated while stomatal density and vein length per area (VLA) were positively correlated. Most traits exhibited substantial plasticity, as evidenced by significant shifts in trait values across environments and multivariate analyses revealed differentiation in trait space across treatment levels. This included an overall reduction in growth/productivity in response to stress, accompanied by a shift in traits relating to gas exchange and hydraulics including stomatal and vein density (increased), stomatal size (decreased), and theoretical gsmax (increased). We found that variation in performance across treatments (estimated as total biomass) can be largely explained by a small number of putatively size-independent traits (i.e., VLA, stomatal length and density and LMA; R2 = 0.74). Moreover, on average, more extreme changes in VLA were associated with more extreme decreases in performance across environments. A small number of leaf traits can predict plant performance, with plasticity in VLA being the best predictor of changes in productivity.