Inside a juvenile detention center in northeastern Brazil, inmates discussed and performed their manhood in compliance with a stereotyped local model of masculinity that equated manliness with aggression, fearlessness, and virility. But unlike the male subjects portrayed in recent anthropological studies of masculinity, these youths did not understand their manhood to be primarily configured in opposition to femininity. In fact, when adolescent detainees pronounced themselves to be men-or to be, as was more often the case, sujeitohomens (man-subjects)-they did so without reference to women, sexual activity, or sexual organs. Instead, they asserted their manhood by committing (or attempting to commit) murder: an act deliberately intended to deny the perpetrator's belonging to either the social or the legal category of the child. While juvenile justice professionals often interpreted such acts of aggression as expressions of innate criminal character, I argue that the murders and violent attacks that occurred in the juvenile detention center can be better understood as performative acts through which inmates sought to shore up and affirm their autonomy, accomplishments, and manhood in the face of juvenile justice laws and policies that refused to recognize them as anything but children. [violence, gender performativity, children, crime, masculinity] RESUMO Dentro de uma unidade de internação para adolescentes infratores no nordeste do Brasil, os internos freqüentemente falam da sua masculinidade, e a apresentam, em conformidade com o estereotipo do homem nordestino pautado na agressividade, no destemor e na virilidade. Mas, em contraste com indivíduos recentemente retratados em estudos antropológicos sobre masculinidade, esses jovens não entendem sua masculinidade sendo configurada essencialmente em oposição a feminilidade. Quando os internos se afirmam homens-ou "sujeitohomens," comoé o caso-eles fazem isso sem referênciasàs mulheres, a atividade sexual ou aosórgãos sexuais.Em vez disso, eles afirmam sua masculinidade por cometerem (ou na tentativa de cometer) homicídios. Enquanto os profissionais de justiç a juvenil freqüentemente interpretam os atos de agressão praticados pelos jovens detentos como expressões de caráter criminoso inato, eu argumento que os homicídios e outros atos violentos praticados por esses adolescentes podem ser melhor entendidos como performativos, através dos quais eles tentam escorar e afirmar sua autonomia, sua maturidade e sua masculinidade em faceàs leis e as políticas de justiç a juvenil que lhes oferecem reconhecimento apenas em sua qualidade de crianç as. [violência, performatividade de gênero, crianç as, crime, masculinidade] RESUMEN Dentro de un centro de detención para jóvenes en el nordeste del Brasil, los reclusos discutieron y actuaron su masculinidad de conformidad con un modelo estereotípico local de masculinidad que equipara hombría con agresión, valentía, y virilidad. A diferencia de los sujetos hombres representados en estudios antropológicos

A B S T R A C TBeatings and torture are common elements of prison discipline in Brazil. Yet the nation's juvenile inmates also suffer violence at the hands of prison staff and administrators in less obvious ways-through the production and circulation of institutional paperwork. Every relationship an inmate has with a professional who works in the juvenile-justice system is mediated by documents in which the discursive and the material interact to construct subjectivities, define relationships, and establish values. Ethnographically attending to the production and circulation of such documents reveals the ways that paperwork participates in structural violence: it circumscribes the identities and the futures of institutional subjects and limits the professional trajectories of lower-level bureaucrats.Moreover, official paperwork may in some cases contribute to the institutional violence that it purports to only record. [bureaucracy, disciplinary institutions, structural violence, youth crime, prison, courts, Brazil] Tortura e espancamento são estratégias disciplinares freqüentemente utilizadas nas prisões brasileiras. Além disso, adolescentes infratores detidos em unidades de internação permanente também sofrem nas mãos de funcionários e administradores de modo menos aparente-por meio da produção e da circulação de documentação institucional. Cada relação que um adolescente infrator tem com os profissionais da justiçaé mediada por documentos nos quais o discursivo e o material interagem na construção de sujeitos, na definição de relações e no estabelecimento de valores. Estudar a produção e circulação desses documentos com um olhar etnográfico revela o modo pelo qual a documentação integra a estrutura da violência: circunscreve as identidades e os futuros dos sujeitos institucionalizados, bem como limita a trajetória profissional de burocratas dos níveis mais baixos. Além disso, os documentos oficiais podem em alguns casos contribuir para a violência institucional que pretendem apenas registrar. [burocracia, instituições disciplinares, violência estrutural, adolescentes infratores, prisão, tribunais, Brasil]F rom the time Daniel was sentenced to confinement in the Center for Adolescent Social Adjustment (CASA), a juvenile detention facility in one of the smallest and poorest states in Brazil, he had written at least two letters a month to Judge Oliveira. 1 On his second day inside the institution, which then housed about 85 male inmates aged 12-20 who had been convicted of violent offenses, a social worker named Nádia called Daniel into her office. She reminded him that he would be confined for no less than six months and no more than three years for having participated in a triple homicide. 2 Nádia also told the brooding, dark-eyed 16-year-old that the timing of his release depended on his behavior, which would be assessed by her and others from CASA's Technical Team, the corps of psychologists and social workers tasked with evaluating inmates, near the end of six months and every four to six months thereaft...

No abstract

This essay serves as the introduction to the special issue titled, 'The social life of corruption in Latin America'. The six authors featured in this special issue of Culture, Theory and Critique exhibit a range of scholarship around questions of corruption and anti-corruption in the region. All have been involved in long-term ethnographically based research projects in particular locations in Latin America, including Brazil (three contributions), Peru (one contribution), Colombia (one contribution) and Ecuador (one contribution). In this special issue, these engaged regional scholars turn their attention to the theme of corruption in 'parts known', that is, within sites where they have already established deep connections. The social life of corruption One could say that the timing is 'fortuitous' for a collaboration among Latin Americanists focused on this theme. We join fellow scholars in anthropology who are engaged in 'rethinking' the anthropology of corruption (e.g., Muir and Gupta 2018), while also seeking to provide ethnographic depth in our analyses. The authors in this special issue attend to historical continuities and discontinuities in the ways that corruption is both understood and practiced; they also attune to the different scales and hierarchies within which corruption allegations appear. These essays together provide a sophisticated and differentiated set of portraits of contemporary corruption in the region. As this issue made its way to press, the authors were forced to make repeated adjustments to both the content and the analysis in their papers, in order to account for emerging developments within the many corruption scandals currently unfolding in the region. The ability of these scholars to interpret current political events through the lenses of their embedded understandings of local dynamics allows this collection, as a whole, to create new openings for critiques of the rationalities, moralities and politics underlying contemporary practices of corruption and anti-corruption in the region, and beyond. We begin by noting that these are extraordinary times for engaging with the theme of corruption. In 2016, the Panama Papers 1 emerged in the form of approximately 11.5

This article seeks to understand the broader meanings behind the recent loss of hope for the futures of kids 1 who live on the streets of Brazil. Through a historical examination of twentieth century Brazilian childhood legislation, the article contextualizes growing despair about the prospects of street children within the political, social, historical, and economic transformations occurring during Brazil's transition from military dictatorship to formal democracy. Accordingly, the article questions the extent to which the ideologies and institutions generated by and within Brazil's emerging neoliberal state are based upon-or perhaps lead to-the increased social exclusion (and in many cases the physical death) of kids who live on the streets.In the twilight years of a military dictatorship that lasted more than two decades, Brazil turned towards its children as both symbols of and actors in a new, democratic project that sought to promote the ideals of freedom and opportunity, while also maintaining social order and providing for the general welfare of the nation. As both metaphors for national development and future citizens whose obligations to the nation-state were in the process of formation, Brazilian children, in general, provided an ideal site for discussing the policies and institutions that would best care for and control the popular classes under democratic rule. The specific conditions of danger and deprivation that kids who lived on the streets at once experienced and represented placed this particular group of children at the center of debates about the potential benefits and risks of extending the rights and responsibilities of citizenship to all Brazilians-especially the poor and dark-skinned masses clamoring for recognition in the nation's emerging democratic con-

Resumo O presente texto analisa as práticas funerárias de um grupo de meninos de rua, a fim de sugerir que no ato de providenciar um enterro digno a outros meninos de rua que já faleceriam, os sobreviventes, que vivem nas ruas e fora das parâmetros da infância normativa, exigir o reconhecimento de humanidade não só da pessoa falecido, mas também de todas as pessoas que participam no enterro.

Brazilian society and culture, and that its customs are still influential for the population of all, or almost all, other regions. In short, regionalism is not only about ethnic and cultural mixture, but regional mixture as well. In other words, regionalism acknowledges and nourishes ethnic and cultural mixture across regions. If not, how can one interpret the entrance of folk and country music into Brazilian radio and TV charts, broadcast nationally since the 1980s? And what of the effervescent appropriation of this music by mass media companies? But the author has deep expertise in Brazilian studies and seeks to amplify, in the book's epilogue, his analysis of the linkages between race, regions and national identity across the debate over the imagined community throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In addition to the introduction and the six chapters that make up the book, chronologically organised, the epilogue grapples with the difficult challenge of discussing the status of Freyre's ideas today and in the future. Historians, social scientists and intellectuals, in general, cannot ignore Eakin's words on the future of mestiçagem. They are relevant to the assessment of contemporary policies conducted to respond to racial inequality. For example, is the binary white/non-white affirmative action system suitable in such a heterogenic society as Brazil? Readers will find a contribution to this issue in the book's epilogue. This reviewer agrees that Becoming Brazilian is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate courses, as well as for non-academic debates. The book has the virtue of providing a compelling synthesis of the history of Brazilian culture with clear and accessible language.

When suspected rapists are detained in Brazil, they are frequently subject to brutal punishments: sodomy, torture, or summary execution. This article examines the competing logics of gender and justice that intersect in Brazilian prisons as authorities sometimes attempt to protect, and inmates almost always endeavor to punish, men who have been put behind bars in cases involving rape. Drawing on years of fieldwork conducted in multiple courtrooms and prisons in a small state in northeastern Brazil, the article describes the strategies of concealment prison administrators and court officials use—or deliberately fail to use—to shield prisoners from being identified as rapists. At the same time, the essay documents the brutal ways that inmates punish peers who have been revealed as perpetrators of sexual assault. Ultimately, the article argues that power in Brazil’s male prisons, like power in Brazilian society more broadly, cannot be understood without considering who has the authority to define and to punish acts of sexual violence.