Accurately predicting lifetime of complex systems like lithium-ion batteries is crucial for accelerating technology development. However, diverse aging 1 mechanisms, significant device variability, and varied operating conditions have remained major challenges. To study this problem, we generated a dataset consisting of 124 commercial lithium-iron-phosphate/graphite cells cycled under fast charging conditions. The cells exhibited widely varied cycle lives spanning from 150 to 2,300 cycles, with end-of-life defined as 20% degradation from nominal capacity. Using discharge voltage curves from early cycles yet to exhibit capacity degradation, we apply machine learning tools to predict cycle life with less than 15% error on average, which is improved to ~8% error by incorporating additional data. Our work represents a significant improvement over previous predictions that generally required data corresponding to >5% capacity degradation, without needing specialized diagnostics. Additionally, it highlights the promise of combining data generation with data-driven modeling to predict the behavior of complex and variable systems. Main Lithium-ion batteries are deployed in a wide range of applications due to their low and falling costs, high energy densities, and long cycle lives. 1-3 However, as is the case with many chemical, mechanical, and electronics systems, long battery cycle life implies delayed feedback of performance during development and manufacture, often many months to years. Accurately predicting cycle life using early-cycle data would accelerate this feedback loop as well as enable estimation of battery life expectancy for use in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and second-life applications. 4-6

Extended Data Fig. 5 | Mean and standard deviation of the CLO-estimated predicted distribution over cycle lives after round 4. In this two-dimensional representation, mean estimated cycle life (colour scale) and standard deviation of cycle life (marker size) after round 4 are presented as a function of CC1, CC2 and CC3 (the x axis, y axis and panels a-f, respectively). Panels a-f represent CC3 = 3.6C, 4.0C, 4.4C, 4.8C, 5.2C, 5.6C and 6.0C, respectively. CC4 is represented by the contour lines. Note that the protocols with the highest cycle lives generally have the smallest standard deviations, since these protocols have been tested repeatedly.

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Real-time release testing (RTRT) is defined as "the ability to evaluate and ensure the quality of in-process and/or final drug product based on process data, which typically includes a valid combination of measured material attributes and process controls" (ICH Q8[R2]). This article discusses sensors (process analytical technology, PAT) and control strategies that enable RTRT for the spectrum of critical quality attributes (CQAs) in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Case studies from the small-molecule and biologic pharmaceutical industry are described to demonstrate how RTRT can be facilitated by integrated manufacturing and multivariable control strategies to ensure the quality of products. RTRT can enable increased assurance of product safety, efficacy, and quality-with improved productivity including faster release and potentially decreased costs-all of which improve the value to patients. To implement a complete RTRT solution, biologic drug manufacturers need to consider the special attributes of their industry, particularly sterility and the measurement of viral and microbial contamination. Continued advances in on-line and in-line sensor technologies are key for the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry to achieve the potential of RTRT. Related article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.26378/full.

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Background Parkinson's disease is heterogeneous in symptom presentation and progression. Increased understanding of both aspects can enable better patient management and improve clinical trial design. Previous approaches to modelling Parkinson's disease progression assumed static progression trajectories within subgroups and have not adequately accounted for complex medication effects. Our objective was to develop a statistical progression model of Parkinson's disease that accounts for intra-individual and inter-individual variability and medication effects. Methods In this longitudinal data study, data were collected for up to 7-years on 423 patients with early Parkinson's disease and 196 healthy controls from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) longitudinal observational study. A contrastive latent variable model was applied followed by a novel personalised input-output hidden Markov model to define disease states. Clinical significance of the states was assessed using statistical tests on seven key motor or cognitive outcomes (mild cognitive impairment, dementia, dyskinesia, presence of motor fluctuations, functional impairment from motor fluctuations, Hoehn and Yahr score, and death) not used in the learning phase. The results were validated in an independent sample of 610 patients with Parkinson's disease from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Parkinson's Disease Biomarker Program (PDBP).

Although oversampling methods are widely used to deal with class imbalance problems, most only utilize observed samples in the minority class and ignore the rich information available in the majority class. In this work, we use an oversampling method that leverages information in both the majority and minority classes to mitigate the class imbalance problem. Experimental results on two clinical datasets with highly imbalanced outcomes demonstrate that prediction models can be significantly improved using data obtained from this oversampling method when the number of minority class samples is very small.