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Motivated by experimental reports of higher-than-bulk melting temperatures in small gallium clusters, we perform first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of Ga(20) and Ga(20)(+) using parallel tempering in the microcanonical ensemble. The respective specific heat (C(V)) curves, obtained using the multiple histogram method, exhibit a broad peak centered at approximately 740 and 610 K--well above the melting temperature of bulk gallium (303 K) and in reasonable agreement with experimental data for Ga(20)(+). Assessment of atomic mobility confirms the transition from solid-like to liquid-like states near the C(V) peak temperature. Parallel tempering molecular dynamics simulations yield low-energy isomers that are ~0.1 eV lower in energy than previously reported ground state structures, indicative of an energy landscape with multiple, competing low-energy morphologies. Electronic structure analysis shows no evidence of covalent bonding, yet both the neutral and charged clusters exhibit greater-than-bulk melting temperatures.

In nature, snowflake ice crystals arrange themselves into diverse symmetrical six-sided structures. We show an analogy of this when zinc (Zn) dissolves and crystallizes in liquid gallium (Ga). The low-melting-temperature Ga is used as a “metallic solvent” to synthesize a range of flake-like Zn crystals. We extract these metallic crystals from the liquid metal solvent by reducing its surface tension using a combination of electrocapillary modulation and vacuum filtration. The liquid metal–grown crystals feature high morphological diversity and persistent symmetry. The concept is expanded to other single and binary metal solutes and Ga-based solvents, with the growth mechanisms elucidated through ab initio simulation of interfacial stability. This strategy offers general routes for creating highly crystalline, shape-controlled metallic or multimetallic fine structures from liquid metal solvents.

First-principles Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations of small gallium clusters, including parallel tempering, probe the distinction between cluster and molecule in the size range of 7-12 atoms. In contrast to the larger sizes, dynamic measures of structural change at finite temperature demonstrate that Ga7 and Ga8 do not melt, suggesting a size limit to melting in gallium exists at 9 atoms. Analysis of electronic structure further supports this size limit, additionally demonstrating that a covalent nature cannot be identified for clusters larger than the gallium dimer. Ga9, Ga10 and Ga11 melt at greater-than-bulk temperatures, with no evident covalent character. As Ga12 represents the first small gallium cluster to melt at a lower-than-bulk temperature, we examine the structural properties of each cluster at finite temperature in order to probe both the origins of greater-than-bulk melting, as well as the significant differences in melting temperatures induced by a single atom addition. Size-sensitive melting temperatures can be explained by both energetic and entropic differences between the solid and liquid phases for each cluster. We show that the lower-than-bulk melting temperature of the 12-atom cluster can be attributed to persistent pair bonding, reminiscent of the pairing observed in α-gallium. This result supports the attribution of greater-than-bulk melting in gallium clusters to the anomalously low melting temperature of the bulk, due to its dimeric structure.

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Using first-principles calculations and the "interface pinning" method in large-scale density functional molecular dynamics simulations of bulk melting, we prove that mercury is a liquid at room temperature due to relativistic effects. The relativistic model gives a melting temperature of 241 K, in excellent agreement with the experimental temperature of 234 K. The nonrelativistic melting temperature is remarkably high at 402 K.

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The cohesive energy of bulk copernicium is accurately determined using the incremental method within a relativistic coupled-cluster approach. For the lowest energy structure of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) symmetry, we obtain a cohesive energy of -36.3 kJ mol (inclusion of uncertainties leads to a lower bound of -39.6 kJ mol), in excellent agreement with the experimentally estimated sublimation enthalpy of -38 kJ mol [R. Eichler et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 3262]. At the coupled-cluster singles, doubles and perturbative triples level of theory, we find that the hcp structure is energetically quasi-degenerate with both face-centred and body-centred cubic structures. These results provide a basis for testing various density-functionals, of which the PBEsol functional yields a cohesive energy of -34.1 kJ mol in good agreement with our coupled-cluster value.