The propensity for polyphosphorylation makes myo-inositol derivatives, the inositol polyphosphates (InsPs), especially phytic acid or inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP 6 ) the major form of phosphate storage in plants. Acts of pyrophosphorylation on InsP 6 generates InsP 7 or InsP 8 containing high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds that are harnessed during energy requirements of a cell. Also implicated as co-factors for several phytohormone signaling networks, InsP 7 /InsP 8 modulate key developmental processes. With recent identification as the common moeity for transducing both jasmonic acid (JA) and phosphate-starvation responses (PSR), InsP 8 is the classic example of a metabolite that may moonlight crosstalks to different cellular pathways during diverse stress adaptations. We show here that Arabidopsis thalianaand DIPHOSPHOINOSITOL PENTAKISPHOSPHATE KINASE 2 (VIH2), but not other InsP-kinases, suppress basal salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immunity. In ipk1, itpk1 or vih2 mutants, elevated endogenous SA levels and constitutive activation of defense signaling lead to enhanced resistance against the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000) strain. Our data reveal that activated SA-signaling sectors in these mutants modulate expression amplitudes of .
The propensity for polyphosphorylation makes myo-inositol derivatives, the inositol polyphosphates (InsPs), especially phytic acid or inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) the major form of phosphate storage in plants. Acts of pyrophosphorylation on InsP6 generates InsP7 or InsP8 containing high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds that are harnessed during energy requirements of a cell. Also implicated as co-factors for several phytohormone signaling networks, InsP7/InsP8 modulate key developmental processes. With recent identification as the common moeity for transducing both jasmonic acid (JA) and phosphate-starvation responses (PSR), InsP8 is the classic example of a metabolite that may moonlight crosstalks to different cellular pathways during diverse stress adaptations. We show here that Arabidopsis thaliana INOSITOL PENTAKISPHOSPHATE 2-KINASE (IPK1), INOSITOL 1,3,4-TRISPHOSPHATE 5/6-KINASE 1 (ITPK1), and DIPHOSPHOINOSITOL PENTAKISPHOSPHATE KINASE 2 (VIH2), but not other InsP-kinases, suppress basal salicylic acid (SA)-dependent immunity. In ipk1, itpk1 or vih2 mutants, elevated endogenous SA levels and constitutive activation of defense signaling lead to enhanced resistance against the virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (PstDC3000) strain. Our data reveal that activated SA-signaling sectors in these mutants modulate expression amplitudes of phosphate-starvation inducible (PSI)-genes, reported earlier. In turn, via mutualism the heightened basal defenses in these mutants require upregulated PSI-gene expressions likely highlighting the increased demand of phosphates required to support immunity. We demonstrate that SA is induced in phosphate-deprived plants, however its defense-promoting functions are likely diverted to PSR-supportive roles. Overall, our investigations reveal selective InsPs as crosstalk mediators among diverse signaling networks programming stress-appropriate adaptations.
Inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6; phytic acid) is considered as the second messenger and plays a very important role in plants, animals, and human beings. It is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially in dry fruits, bran, and seeds. The resulting anion is a colorless species that plays a critical role in nutrition and is believed to cure many diseases. A fluoresceinated aminohexanol tethered inositol hexakisphosphate (III) had been synthesized earlier involving many complicated steps. We describe here a simple two-step synthesis of (III) and its characterization using different techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, ultraviolet-fluorescence, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopies. The effect of (III) has been investigated in the model systems, Arabidopsis thaliana and Drosophila melanogaster. Using Schrodinger software, computational studies on the binding of (III) with the protein 2P1M (Auxin-receptor TIR1-adaptor ASK1 complex) has revealed strong binding propensity with this compound. These studies on the fluoresceinated tethered phytic acid could have far reaching implications on its efficacy for human health and treatment of diseases (cancer/tumor and glioblastoma) and for understanding phosphorous recycling in the environment, especially for plant systems.
There are many “Save the Soil” movements highlighting the degradation of the soil due to excessive use of fertilizers, ground water contamination and environmental pollution. An alternative strategy is the use of humic acids from Organic Matter (OM) in soils. Humic acids help grow better vegetables, quality fruits like (peas, potatoes, tomatoes, pomegranates, mangoes), cereals, and pulses. These create supramolecular self– assemblies capable of retaining water and not allowing loss of minerals and ions. Humic acids isolated from soil, lignite and city solid waste are emerging as attractive sources for developing value added products from them. There is much interest in exploiting the commercial aspects in the energy sector of the economy as these new technologies could help in cleaning the environment as well. In this paper, the isolation of a new humic acid from the soil of Gwal Pahari, Gurgaon, Haryana, India is described. This water soluble, Ninhydrin positive Gwal Pahari Acid (GPA) contains thirteen chiral centers and contains both partly rigid and dynamic systems capable of exhibiting pseudo rotation. The proposed structure of this new humic acid is based on spectroscopic studies (e.g. FT-IR, UV-visible spectroscopy), detailed mass spectrometry, and very challenging 1H- NMR and 2D-NMR studies. Ion leakage studies on Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that the new compound provides protection to the plant, and greenhouse studies demonstrate that Gwal Pahari Acid brings about substantial growth in the tomato plant.
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