The initial abstraction (Ia) versus maximum potential retention (S) relation in the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) methodology was revisited, and a new non-linear relation incorporating storm rainfall (P) and S was proposed and tested on a large set of storm rainfall-runoff events derived from the water database of United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service (USDA-ARS). Employing root mean square error (RMSE), the performance of both the existing and proposed models was evaluated using the complete database, and for model calibration and validation, data were split into two groups: based on ordered rainfall (P-based) and runoff (Q-based). A specific formulation of the proposed model Ia=λS(P/(P+S))α with λ=0.3 and α=1.5 was found to generally perform better than the existing Ia=0.2S, and therefore was recommended for field applications. When evaluated using the observed Ia data, the proposed version performed significantly better than the existing one.
Bipolar ion-exchange membranes, using polystyrene ethylene utylenes polystyrene (PSEBS) with polyvinyl alcohol as the intermediate, were fabricated and evaluated for their potential to remove secondary salts from lab-prepared salt solutions. Experiments were carried out in batch re-circulation mode. The mechanical properties and microscopic images of the membranes were analyzed before, during, and after the electrodialysis process. The performance of the membranes in the stack was evaluated in terms of energy consumption and current efficiency, and found to be 1.07 Wh/mol and 0.67, respectively. Commercially-produced membranes were used as a comparison to the PSEBS-based membranes. In the case of the commercial membrane, polystyrene divinylbenzene, the values for the above parameters were observed to be 2.59 Wh/mol and 0.63, respectively. In addition, other parameters, such as transport number of ions and acid - alkali production, were evaluated for both PSEBS-based and commercially-produced membranes. Results indicated that PSEBS-based membranes exhibited better performance than the commercial membranes.
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