Biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) is less sensitive to conventional antibiotics than free-living planktonic cells. Here, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of Illicium verum ( I. verum ) and one of its constituent compounds 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (3-HBA) against multi-drug-resistant S. aureus . We performed gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to identify the major constituents in the methanolic extract of I. verum . Ligand–receptor interactions were studied by molecular docking, and in vitro investigations were performed using crystal violet assay, spreading assay, hemolysis, proteolytic activity, and growth curve analysis. The methanolic extract of I. verum inhibited S. aureus at 4.8 mg/mL, and GC-MS analysis revealed anethole, m-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 3-HBA as the major constituents. Molecular docking attributed the antibiofilm activity to an active ligand present in 3-HBA, which strongly interacted with the active site residues of AgrA and SarA of S. aureus . At a subinhibitory concentration of 2.4 mg/mL, the extract showed biofilm inhibition. Similarly, 3-HBA inhibited biofilm activity at 25 μg/mL (90.34%), 12.5 μg/mL (77.21%), and 6.25 μg/mL (62.69%) concentrations. Marked attrition in bacterial spreading was observed at 2.4 mg/mL (crude extract) and 25 μg/mL (3-HBA) concentrations. The methanol extract of I. verum and 3-HBA markedly inhibited β-hemolytic and proteolytic activities of S. aureus . At the lowest concentration, the I. verum extract (2.4 mg/mL) and 3-HBA (25 μg/mL) did not inhibit bacterial growth. Optical microscopy and SEM analysis confirmed that I. verum and 3-HBA significantly reduced biofilm dispersion without disturbing bacterial growth. Together, we found that the antibiofilm activity of I. verum and 3-HBA strongly targeted the Agr and Sar systems of S. aureus .
Cancer accounts for high morbidity and high mortality rate throughout the world. Cancer of breast is common in women in developed countries and more than 40% of all breast cancer cases are found in developing countries.1) Cancer is based on genetic and epigenetic alterations that affect the regulation and function of genes. These pathologic changes are selected during progression to yield cells that multiply aggressively beyond the limits normally set by their intrinsic proliferative capacity, neighboring cells, limited mitogens, and blood supply. It is expected that the cataloging of specific changes in gene expression will provide diagnostic markers for any given type. Furthermore, proteins encoded by specific genes could potentially serve as targets for therapeutic intervention. 2)In addition to the therapeutic strategies already known, some recent reports indicate new areas for the development of target selective drugs for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.3) The earliest adjuvant chemotherapy, with singleagent alkylating and anti-metabolic drugs, was soon replaced by combination therapy, as it was demonstrated that simultaneous combination of two or more agents provided better results. 4,5) Kalpaamruthaa is a Siddha formulation, which has been formulated in our laboratory. They contain Semecarpus anacardium LINN. (SA), Emblica officinalis and honey with different ratio. Kalpaamruthaa (KA) is a Siddha preparation which has been formulated in our laboratory, the components studies of this drug reveals the presence of flavonoids, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, tannins, sugars and sterols. Flavonoids are seemingly more widely dispersed in the food supply and are of more varied composition than are isoflavones. For these reason, their absorption and metabolism have been less completely characterized. Cameron and Pauling 6) believed that ascorbic acid combats cancer by promoting collagen synthesis and thus prevents tumors from invading other tissues. Flavonoids are polyphenols widely distributed and known to possess biological and pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory action against free radicals. 7)Isoflavonoids are members of the broad class of plant polyphenols that have been shown in vivo to have benefit in the treatment of a wide variety of chronic diseases, including cancer. Another important consideration in vivo is the localized metabolism of isoflavones that may occur in the vicinity of tumor cells. Many experiments to verify the association between isoflavone intake and disease prevention have been reported. 8)The biochemical evaluation of glycoprotein components, marker enzymes and lysosomal enzymes of liver, kidney and blood of control and experimental rats was carried out to study the therapeutic efficacy of KA on 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinoma bearing rats (Sprague-Dawley strain). This study was undertaken to arrive at the effective dose of KA in mammary carcinoma condition in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MaterialsMammary carcinoma was induced ...
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