Depression is a condition of no mood and loss of interest in any activity that can diminish a person’s thinking, conduct, tendencies, emotional state, and a sense of well-being. Although there is a conventional class of medication which have been beneficial in the treatment of depression, current studies have reported having side effects which can be minimized by the intervention of herbs and phytochemicals. Most of the studies have proven the various mechanisms and have started to research a very ground-breaking method by glancing the ancient treatmen. Where this new approach of using the herbs and phytochemicals has shown better results alone and in combination with conventional drugs which has shown lesser adverse effects. The practice of phytomedicine is an additional option for the treatment of depression. In the various segments of treating the depression, the mainstream can be a breakthrough including phytoconstituents. In this aspect, there are many contributions for the treatment of the depression acting to the neuronal level signaling and the phytoconstituents also have shown some basic mechanisms in the treatment of depression as that of the conventional medications following some primary hypothesis and signaling pathways and life interactions that effects the brain in either way to treat the depression in all sort of way. Clinical evidence is required to provide backing to the safety and effectiveness of herbs and phytochemicals alone or in combination with currently available drugs to overcome the reported side effects during the treatment of depression.
Background & Objective: Memory is a crucial process which assists human to record their experiences and use it to adapt them for living in the environment. Acetylcholine, the central neurotransmitter is responsible for the cognitive function. Memory impairment is main characteristics of neurodegenerative disorder like Alzheimer disease. Scopolamine-a muscarinic blocker blocks the acetylcholine receptor and causes defect in learning & memory process. The current study was conceived to investigate the effects of novel 1, 3, 4oxadiazole derivatives on learning and memory in Swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: Two novel compounds (compound 1 and 2) were subjected for acute toxicity studies at 5,50,300,2000 mg/kg in wister rats weighing about 150-180g as per OECD guideline 423. In this study, Swiss albino mice weighing about 20-25g were used. Total 42 animals were divided into 7 groups of 6 animals in each group. The animals were administered with 2 novel compounds at 15 and 30 mg/kg for seven days and on the seventh day scopolamine (1mg/kg i.p) was given to induce memory loss. Morris water maze task was employed to assess the spatial learning memory. Estimation of brain acetyl cholinesterase activity was also done. Results: The results were statistically analysed by using one way ANOVA method. Scopolamine-induced amnesia was reversed by novel 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives, the observed beneficial effects on learning and it may be due to of facilitation of cholinergic transmission in mouse brain. Conclusion: Compound 1 dose 2(30mg/kg) showed promising action on both behavioural & biochemical parameters. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to investigate the therapeutic potential of novel 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives in the management of cognitive disorder. However, future studies are required to identify the exact mechanism of action. In the current investigation, 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives have shown promising protective effects as a memory enhancing agents.
Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of gallic acid on cisplatin-induced memory impairment (MI) in the rat model. Methods: Five groups of Wistar albino rats (n=6) were employed and the duration of the study was 22 days, excluding the pre-treatment period. Animals were pretreated with gallic acid for a period of 5 days and continued daily (200 mg/kg) for 22 days. The cisplatin (3 mg/kg) was given once in a week for 3 consecutive weeks to induce MI, whereas donepezil was used as standard. The evaluation was done by a change in body weight, memory activity by Morris water maze (MWM), locomotor activity by actophotometer, antioxidant activity by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), glutathione (GSH), and estimation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain homogenate. Results: Administration of cisplatin has induced MI by increasing in escape latency time, decrease in time spent in the target quadrant in the MWM task and it was reversed by gallic acid treatment. Decreased locomotor activity by cisplatin was also increased by gallic acid when tested by actophotometer. Cisplatin administration has induced oxidative stress by increasing TBARS and decreasing GSH levels. Gallic acid due to its proven antioxidant activity reversed the effects of cisplatin. The AChE level was significantly increased in the control group, whereas treatment groups have shown a decrease in AChE level. Conclusion: Gallic acid may serve as a primary agent to treat the cognitive impairment and oxidative stress associated memory dysfunctions. However, more extensive studies are needed before utilization in the clinical trial.
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