The standard genetic code (SGC) is the set of rules by which genetic information is 1 translated into proteins, from codons, i.e. triplets of nucleotides, to amino acids. The 2 questions about the origin and the main factor responsible for the present structure of sequences generated by single nucleotide substitutions. We described the genetic code as 10 a partition of an undirected and unweighted graph, which makes the model general and 11 universal. Using this approach, we showed that the structure of the genetic code is a 12 solution to the graph clustering problem. We presented and discussed the structure of 13 the codes that are optimal according to the conductance. Despite the fact that the 14 standard genetic code is far from being optimal according to the conductance, its 15 structure is characterised by many codon groups reaching the minimum conductance for 16 their size. The SGC represents most likely a local minimum in terms of errors occurring 17 in protein-coding sequences and their translation.
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