Patients with HIV have an increased incidence of abnormal cervical cytological changes. This casecontrol study (30 cases, 30 controls) was aimed at demonstrating these findings. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic pre-menopausal women of 20-50 years were included in the study. Conventional Pap smears were taken and examined by cytopathologists. HIV cases had more incidence of abnormal cervical cytology (13 cases, 43.33%) than their sero-negative counterparts (5 cases, 16.67%).Out of the 13 cases, 2(6.66%) had LSIL and 1(3.33%) was with ASC-US, specific infections with coccobacilli, T. vaginalis and Candida was found in a total of 5 samples (16.67%) against only 1 t. vaginalis infection (3.33%) in the control group. Reparative changes (squamous metaplasia) was seen in 5 cases (16.67%) of the HIV positive group and in 2 cases (6.66%) in the control group. There was no case of malignancy in the HIV positive group, in contrast to the HIV negative control group which presented a single case of malignancy and another case of HSIL. The study showed that HIV infection was associated with an increased incidence of opportunistic infections along with dysplasias of the cervix. The cases with Dysplasia should be followed up to screen for malignant transformation.
Mucinous carcinoma with a micropapillary pattern is an unusual form of Invasive breast cancer exhibiting dual mucinous and micropapillary differentiation. The present case is of a 47-year-old nulliparous female who presented with an incidental finding of a hard lump in her left breast. Mammography revealed a BIRADS 4 lesion. Modified radical mastectomy was done and the specimen was grossed, revealing a tumor of 3x2.6x2.6 cm in the outer quadrant. Microscopy revealed the tumor having extracellular mucin pools with floating psammoma bodies and focal micropapillary pattern. Four of the twenty-six lymph nodes sampled were found to have tumor deposits. The micropapillary pattern was maintained in the metastatic deposits. Immunohistochemistry revealed ER and PR positivity and Her2Neu negativity. EMA corroborated the findings. It is important to recognize the micropapillary pattern in mucinous carcinomas of the breast as these tumors tend to be more aggressive than pure mucinous breast lesions.
Detection and reporting of crystals in urine is an integral part of a clinical laboratory. Presence of crystals is not always pathological and affected by a variety of pre analytical factors. Pathologically significant crystals are rare and seen in acidic urine. Here we report three such cases where urine crystals posed a reporting dilemma. Case 1: 3-year-old male child with nephrotic syndrome showed thorn apple shaped ammonium biurate crystals in urine with pH 6.8. Ammonium biurate crystals are seen in alkaline urine and this scenario of slightly acidic urine and background of nephrotic syndrome is a usual one. Case 2: 10-year-old male with fever, jaundice and hepatomegaly showed a urine pH of 5.6 and yellow round leucine crystals with radiating striations. Leucine crystals are indicative of severe liver damage and the child was found to have chronic Hepatitis B infection. Case 3: 35-year-old female with generalised weakness and prutitis, showed a urine pH of 6 and fine needle like clusters of bilirubin crystals. These crystals are rare and occur in background of severe hyperbiliribinemia, the patient was found to have a carcinoma involving head of pancreas. Morphology, solubility testing with organic/mineral acids and alkali aids in diagnosis under unexpected scenarios.
Introduction: Superficial palpable swellings with helmintic infection as an underlying etiology is usually an accidental finding in the surgically excised specimens. Somatic nematodes and cestodes are the commonly implicated organisms, and the zoonotic nematodes show an emerging trend. The present study aims to reappraise the histopathological findings of helminthic etiology in superficial swellings which were clinically suspected to be of neoplastic/non neoplastic nature. Materials and methods: Thirty six cases of palpable superficial nodules with infective etiology over a period of five years were reviewed. 19/36 were of helminthic etiology were included in the present study. Pertinent demographic and clinical data were retrieved from the medical archives. Results: Amongst the 19 cases, 8 were males and 11 females. Chest wall (4/19), and eyelids (3/19) were the most common sites involved. The size ranged from 0.8-15 cm in greatest dimension. Presence of histiocytes (13/19), granulomas (11/19), eosinophils (10/19), and giant cells (9/19) were the most consistent histological findings. 14 cases had discernible parasite morphology with diagnosis of filarial worms (7/19), Dirofilaria (3/19), cysticercosis (4/19), and hydatid cyst (1/19). Four cases had dead and calcified parasites with no discernible morphology. Conclusion: Granulomatous inflammation and tissue eosinophilia are strong indicators of a parasitic etiology. Subcutaneous and intramuscular filariasis, cysticercosis and hydatid cyst are well documented etoiologies whereas Dirofilariasis is an emerging zoonotic infection with worldwide case reports. Imaging techniques and fine needle aspiration can point towards the diagnosis; however in the absence of characteristic features, histopathology can be relied upon to diagnose a helminthicetiology.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.