Abstract.We have developed an environment for building/using ontologies, named Hozo, based on both of a fundamental consideration of an ontological theory and a methodology of building an ontology. Since Hozo is based on an ontological theory of a role-concept, it can distinguish concepts dependent on particular contexts from so-called basic concepts and contribute to building reusable ontologies.

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Abstract. This paper describes a system for supporting development of ontology in a distributed manner. By a distributed manner, we mean ontology is divided into several component ontologies, which are developed by different developers in a distributed environment. The target ontology is obtained by compiling the component ontologies. These component ontologies are identified according to their conceptual level or domain characteristics. The distributed development of ontologies applies to many situations such as cooperative development, reusing ontologies and so on. To support such a way of ontology development, we investigate the dependency between component ontologies and design some functions for management of these ontologies based on their dependencies. We next consider the influence of a change of one ontology to others through its dependencies and design a function to suggest a few candidate modifications of the influenced ontology for keeping the consistency. We also present some examples of how the system works.

The RIKEN integrated database of mammals (http://scinets.org/db/mammal) is the official undertaking to integrate its mammalian databases produced from multiple large-scale programs that have been promoted by the institute. The database integrates not only RIKEN’s original databases, such as FANTOM, the ENU mutagenesis program, the RIKEN Cerebellar Development Transcriptome Database and the Bioresource Database, but also imported data from public databases, such as Ensembl, MGI and biomedical ontologies. Our integrated database has been implemented on the infrastructure of publication medium for databases, termed SciNetS/SciNeS, or the Scientists’ Networking System, where the data and metadata are structured as a semantic web and are downloadable in various standardized formats. The top-level ontology-based implementation of mammal-related data directly integrates the representative knowledge and individual data records in existing databases to ensure advanced cross-database searches and reduced unevenness of the data management operations. Through the development of this database, we propose a novel methodology for the development of standardized comprehensive management of heterogeneous data sets in multiple databases to improve the sustainability, accessibility, utility and publicity of the data of biomedical information.

In sustainability science (SS), it is difficult to identify what needs to be solved, and it is also not clear how to solve the problems that are identified. There has been no consensus on the underlying question of ''What is structuring knowledge in SS?'' This paper focuses on knowledge structuring accompanied by supporting of thinking. It addresses the key challenges associated with knowledge structuring in SS, identifies the requirements for the structuring of knowledge, proposes a reference model, and develops an ontology-based mapping tool as a solution to one layer of the reference model. First, we identify the important requirements for SS knowledge structuring.Second, we develop a reference model composed of five layers based on three of the requirements. Third, we develop an ontology-based mapping tool at Layer 2 of the reference model for meeting the two major challenges for SS, namely, identifying what problems should be addressed in SS itself and proposing solutions for those problems. The tool is designed to store and retrieve information regarding SS, to provide access to a prototype ontology for SS, and to create multiple maps of conceptual chains depending on a user's interests and perspectives. Finally, we assess whether the developed tool successfully realizes the targeted part of the reference model for SS by examining the tool's conformity to the reference model, as well as its usability, effectiveness, and constraints. Although several issues were identified in the prototype ontology and the mapping tool, the study concluded that the mapping tool is useful enough to facilitate the function of Layer 2. In particular, the mapping tool can support thinking about SS from the viewpoint of: (a) finding new potentials and risks of technological countermeasures studied in SS; (b) helping users to get a more comprehensive picture of problems and their potential solutions; and (c) providing an effective opportunity to come up with new ideas that might not be thought of without such a tool.

BackgroundRecently, exchanging data and information has become a significant challenge in medicine. Such data include abnormal states. Establishing a unified representation framework of abnormal states can be a difficult task because of the diverse and heterogeneous nature of these states. Furthermore, in the definition of diseases found in several textbooks or dictionaries, abnormal states are not directly associated with the corresponding quantitative values of clinical test data, making the processing of such data by computers difficult.ResultsWe focused on abnormal states in the definition of diseases and proposed a unified form to describe an abnormal state as a “property,” which can be decomposed into an “attribute” and a “value” in a qualitative representation. We have developed a three-layer ontological model of abnormal states from the generic to disease-specific level. By developing an is-a hierarchy and combining causal chains of diseases, 21,000 abnormal states from 6000 diseases have been captured as generic causal relations and commonalities have been found among diseases across 13 medical departments.ConclusionsOur results showed that our representation framework promotes interoperability and flexibility of the quantitative raw data, qualitative information, and generic/conceptual knowledge of abnormal states. In addition, the results showed that our ontological model have found commonalities in abnormal states among diseases across 13 medical departments.

Abstract. Although the necessity of an ontology and ontological engineering is well-understood, there has been few success stories about ontology construction and its deployment to date. This paper presents an activity of ontology construction and its deployment in an interface system for an oil-refinery plant operation which has been done under the umbrella of Human-Media Project for four years. It also describes the reasons why we need an ontology, what ontology we built, what environment we used for building the ontology and how the ontology is used in the system. The interface has been developed intended to establish a sophisticated technology for advanced interface for plant operators and consists of several agents. The system has been implemented and preliminary evaluation has been done successfully.

Abstract. Roles are important both theoretically and practically for modelling the world around us. Although many theories of roles have been proposed, there remain aspects which are little understood. In this paper we investigate roles and their contexts from a temporal point of view. We introduce the idea of a family of occurrent-dependent roles as a means to organise prospective and retrospective derived roles around an original role from which they are derived. By this means we account for the existence of groups of similar roles which are difficult to distinguish without a careful analysis of the temporal aspects. Following detailed informal discussion, we present a preliminary formalisation of the key concepts and relations.