Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by emphysematous destruction of lung parenchyma and airway remodeling which lead to limitation of airflow. Computed tomography is of considerable value in quantifying the severity of the disease in COPD either by visual or by quantitative CT techniques (QCT). This study was designed to assess the relationship between quantitative computed tomography parameters and spirometric measurements of disease severity in cases with COPD. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 cases between age group 41 to 65 years, who were proved to have COPD by pulmonary function test were recruited. Inspiratory CT was designed to take a deep breath and plain CT chest was taken at full inspiration to obtain total lung capacity. Expiratory CT was asked to hold breath in normal expiration and CT chest was taken to obtain functional residual capacity. Inner and outer diameters and wall thick ness were measured manually and their average value was considered. Correlations analysis was conducted between spirometric measurements and QCT measures. Results:The mean values of low attenuation areas in inspiration <-950HU was gradually increased from GOLD stage-I to GOLD stage-IV. Mean values of low attenuation areas in expiration <-856HU was gradually decreased from GOLD stage-I to GOLD stage-IV. Low attenuation areas in inspiration <-950HU showed correlation for both FEV1/FVC (-0.752) and FEV1 (-0.806) (p<0.005). Low attenuation areas in expiration <-856HU showed correlation for both FEV1/FVC (-0.786) and FEV1 (-0.928) (p<0.005). Conclusion:In COPD cases, there is a strong association between spirometric measurements and QCT measurements of inspiratory and expiratory low attenuation areas.
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an idiopathic, nonatherosclerotic, noninflammatory disease with segmental involvement of the blood vessels that cause abnormal growth within the wall of an artery in any region of body. Fibromuscular dysplasia has been found in nearly every arterial bed in the body. However, the most common arteries affected are the renal and carotid arteries. It is a heterogeneous group of vascular lesions characterized by an idiopathic, noninflammatory, and nonatherosclerotic angiopathy of small and medium-sized arteries. The prevalence of FMD is estimated between 4 and 6% in the renal arteries and between 0.3 and 3% in the cervicoencephalic arteries.Imaging and radiologists play an important role in diagnosing the abnormality with knowledge of patient complaints with respect to fibromuscular disease. The most common imaging finding is dilatations, beaded appearance of vessels, and aneurysms. The less common findings are tortuous vessels, ectasia, kinking, loops, and dissection. The radiologist should be aware of these so that FMD can be diagnosed in young females with hypertension not responding well to treatment or familial hypertension.Its signs and symptoms help the radiologist to diagnose early. The objective of this review is therefore to increase radiologists' and clinicians' awareness of FMD's epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, classical and minor/ rare radiological findings, and possible complications in other arteries in the abdomen. Epidemiology:The prevalence is unknown. It is most common in young women with a female to male ratio of 3:1, and is typically diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 50 years. It is less than 2% of all hypertensions.
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