The circadian clock increases organisms' fitness by regulating physiological responses(1). In mammals, the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) governs daily behavioural rhythms(2). Similarly, in Arabidopsis, tissue-specific circadian clock functions have emerged, and the importance of the vasculature clock for photoperiodic flowering has been demonstrated(3-5). However, it remains unclear if the vasculature clock regulates the majority of physiological responses, like the SCN in mammals, and if other environmental signals are also processed by the vasculature clock. Here, we studied the involvement of tissue-specific circadian clock regulation of flowering and cell elongation under different photoperiods and temperatures. We found that the circadian clock in vascular phloem companion cells is essential for photoperiodic flowering regulation; by contrast, the epidermis has a crucial impact on ambient temperature-dependent cell elongation. Thus, there are clear assignments of roles among circadian clocks in each tissue. Our results reveal that, unlike the more centralized circadian clock in mammals, the plant circadian clock is decentralized, where each tissue specifically processes individual environmental cues and regulates individual physiological responses. Our new conceptual framework will be a starting point for deciphering circadian clock functions in each tissue, which will lead to a better understanding of how circadian clock processing of environmental signals may be affected by ongoing climate change(6).
Epitaxially grown nanowires of semiconducting thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers (TPCOs) were prepared by mask‐shadowing deposition on a cleaved (001) surface of a potassium chloride (KCl) crystal. Under optical pumping, single nanowires of both unsubstituted (p‐type) and cyano‐substituted (n‐type) TPCOs exhibited axial Fabry–Pérot (F‐P) lasing above a threshold fluence which decreased to 11–15 μJ cm−2 with increasing nanowire lengths. Their lying molecular orientation and stacking along the nanowire axis in both TPCOs are suitable for effective light propagation with transverse‐electric mode resulting in better lasing performances compared to two‐dimensional platelet crystals of TPCOs.
To improve NBTI of pMOSFETs for hp-65nm technology node and beyond, low temperature catalytic CVD (Cat-CVD) formed SiN was applied to liner film in PMD and gate-sidewall formed. We found that N-H bond in the Cat-CVD SiN is enough stable to affect the NBTI while the amount of Si-H bond needed to be reduced, which can be achieved by higher catalyst temperature. The liner and sidewall application improved the NBTI lifetime of two and one orders of magnitude respectively comparing a low temperature LP-CVD SiN using hexa-chloride-disilane (HCD).
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