ADCs of lung carcinomas overlap, but ADCs of well-differentiated adenocarcinoma appear to be higher than those of other histologic lung carcinoma types.

Positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) may show negative results for bronchioloalveolar lung carcinoma. We investigated the correlation of Glut-1 glucose transporter expression with [18F]FDG uptake in non-small cell lung cancer. Thirty-two patients with 34 non-small cell lung cancers (7 bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, 23 non-bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas, 3 squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 adenosquamous cell carcinoma) were studied. Final diagnoses were established by histology (via thoracotomy) in all patients. [18F]FDG PET was performed 40 min after i.v. injection of 185 MBq [18F]FDG. For semi-quantitative analysis of [18F]FDG uptake, standardized uptake values (SUVs) were calculated. Glut-1 expression was studied in terms of the immunohistochemistry of paraffin sections using anti-Glut-1 antibody to determine the intensity (0-3) of Glut-1 immunoreactivity and percentage of the Glut-1-positive area. Of seven bronchioloalveolar carcinomas, six (85.7%) were negative for the expression of Glut-1, while only one (4.3%) of 23 non-bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas was negative (P < 0.0001). The percentages of Glut-1-positive area, as well as the SUVs, were significantly lower in bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (n = 7) (2.86% +/- 7.56% and 1.25 +/- 0.75, respectively) than in non-bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinomas (n = 23) (54.83% +/- 25.64%, P < 0.0001, and 3.94 +/- 1.93, P = 0.001, respectively). The degree of cell differentiation correlated with the percentage of Glut-1-positive area and SUVs in adenocarcinoma of the lung. Correlations between SUVs and the intensity of Glut-1 immunoreactivity were also significant (intensities 0 and 1, n = 11, SUV 1.47 +/- 0.63; intensities 2 and 3, n=23, SUV 4.78 +/- 2.13; P < 0.0001). The percentage of Glut-1-positive area correlated significantly with SUVs (n = 34, r = 0.658, P < 0.01). Overexpression of Glut-1 correlated with high [18F]FDG uptake. These findings suggest that Glut-1 expression is related to [18F]FDG uptake in non-small cell lung cancer. Glut-1 expression, as well as [18F]FDG uptake, correlated with the degree of cell differentiation in adenocarcinomas, and both Glut-1 expression and [18F]FDG uptake were significantly lower in bronchioloalveolar carcinomas than in non-bronchioloalveolar carcinomas.

Simultaneous improvements in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and long-term durability of Ptbased cathode catalysts are indispensable for the development of next-generation polymer electrolyte fuel cells but are still a major dilemma. We present a robust octahedral core−shell PtNi x /C electrocatalyst with high ORR performance (mass activity and surface specific activity 6.8−16.9 and 20.3−24.0 times larger than those of Pt/C, respectively) and durability (negligible loss after 10000 accelerated durability test (ADT) cycles). The key factors of the robust octahedral nanostructure (core−shell Pt 73 Ni 27 /C) responsible for the remarkable activity and durability were found to be three continuous Pt skin layers with 2.0−3.6% compressive strain, concave facet arrangements (concave defects and high coordination), a symmetric Pt/Ni distribution, and a Pt 67 Ni 33 intermetallic core, as found by STEM-EDS, in situ XAFS, XPS, etc. The robust core−shell Pt 73 Ni 27 /C was produced by the partial release of the stress, Pt/Ni rearrangement, and dimension reduction of an as-synthesized octahedral Pt 50 Ni 50 /C with 3.6−6.7% compressive Pt skin layers by Ni leaching during the activation process. The present results on the tailored synthesis of the PtNi x structure and composition and the better control of the robust catalytic architecture renew the current knowledge and viewpoint for instability of octahedral PtNi x /C samples to provide a new insight into the development of next-generation PEFC cathode catalysts. KEYWORDS: robust octahedral core−shell PtNi x /C electrocatalyst, polymer electrolyte fuel cell, high performance and durability, continuous, compressive and concave Pt skin layers, structural and electronic property, in situ XAFS/STEM-EDS/XPS/ICP-AES

The three-dimensional (3D) distribution and oxidation state of a Pt cathode catalyst in a practical membrane electrode assembly (MEA) were visualized in a practical polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) under fuel-cell operating conditions. Operando 3D computed-tomography imaging with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy (CT-XANES) clearly revealed the heterogeneous migration and degradation of Pt cathode catalyst in an MEA during accelerated degradation test (ADT) of PEFC. The degradative Pt migration proceeded over the entire cathode catalyst layer and spread to MEA depth direction into the Nafion membrane.

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