Although the problems associated with corporal punishment have been identified, its use has yet to be dispensed with. To eliminate corporal punishment, it is necessary to prevent its proliferation, as those who have experienced it tend to impose it on the next generation of students. Accordingly, comprehending the psychological mechanism by which those who have experienced corporal punishment in the past accept it now is critical to its successful abolition. This study explored the relationship between positive perceptions and gratitude toward personal past experience of corporal punishment, as well as the relationship between these perceptions and emotions and favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment. An online survey was administered to those who had experienced corporal punishment in the past. The results revealed a link between positive perception and gratitude for the experience. A positive perception toward the experience was directly linked to acceptance and implementation of corporeal punishment. Moreover, gratitude for the experience was related to favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment via the positive perception of the experience. These findings are useful for examining approaches to changing the favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment held by those who have experienced it in the past.
Recently, studies have shown that gratitude has a positive effect on athletes' mental health and on the maintenance and improvement of relationships. However, it is not clear as to what kind of perception of the group environment can enhance athletes' gratitude. We aimed to assess athletes' perception of the group environment in relation to promoting gratitude (perceived gratitude environment). A total of 138 university athletic club students were asked to complete an open-ended questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the qualitative procedures outlined by Côté et al. (1993).We created tags from the data and gathered tags with similar meanings. Subsequently, we labeled the cluster of tags (categories) to reflect the topic in brief. As a result, we found that there are four aspects of the perceived gratitude environment: relationships formed by expressions of gratitude, gratitude of team members, activities expressing gratitude, and norms of gratitude expression. In future research, the findings of this study should be used to determine the kind of perception of the group environment that promotes gratitude in athletes.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of footsteps of a neighboring runner (NR) on the main runner’s step frequency (SF), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The participants were male long-distance runners belonging to a university track and field team. Two experiments were conducted in which the main runner (participant) and NR (examiner) ran with the same running speed on two adjacent treadmills separated by a thin wall. The participants were instructed that the experimental purpose was to investigate the HR when running with others and running alone. In Experiment 1, NR performed three trials of changing the footstep tempo in 5 bpm (beat per minute) faster (+5bpmFS), 5 bpm slower (-5bpmFS), or no footsteps (NF) conditions. The results showed that the footstep condition affected the variability of the SF but not the mean SF. Next, Experiment 2 was conducted by increasing the footstep tempo condition. NR performed seven trials of changing the footstep tempo by ±3 bpm, ±5 bpm, ±10 bpm, or no footstep. The results showed that the footstep condition affected the mean SF and the SF decreased at -10bpmFS compared to NF. There were no differences in the HR and RPE between conditions. These results indicated that the footsteps of NR could influence the SF, although it was unclear whether footsteps were involved in the synchronization between runners. Overall, our findings emphasize the environmental factors that influence running behavior, including the NR’s footsteps.
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