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Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) made of sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s consisted of 3,3 0 -disulfo-4,4 0dichlorodiphenylsulfone disodium salt, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, and one of three dihydroxynaphthalene isomers (2,6-, 2,7-, and 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, abbreviated as 2,6-N, 2,7-N, and 1,5-N, respectively) were prepared with similar level of inherent viscosity and ion exchange capacity, and structural effect of the catenation in dihydroxynaphthalene isomers on membrane properties was compared. In the case of membranes for PEM fuel cell application with relatively high ion exchange capacity around 2.1 mequiv/g, three copolymers showed almost the same proton conductivity; however, swelling in water increased with the following order: 1,5-N < 2,6-N < 2,7N. In the case of direct methanol fuel cell membranes with lower ion exchange capacity around 1.5 mequiv/g, no remarkable difference in proton conductivity was also observed in three isomeric copolymers and swelling property and methanol permeability were lower in 1,5-N and 2,6-N copolymers than 2,7-N copolymer. These tendencies show that higher rigidity or energy barrier for conformational change of polymer chain gives better performance of PEM for fuel cells with superior dimensional stability.

Novel sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s derived from ω,ω′-dihydroxypoly(1,4-phenylene ether)s (DHPE) and mixed dihalide monomers of 3,3′-disulfo-4,4′-dichlorodiphenylsulfone disodium salt (S-DCDPS) and 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile were synthesized. As DHPE has molecular weight distribution with phenylene rings lower than ca. 10 units, experimental determination of its average molecular weight made it possible to be used as a monomer to prepare sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s. Membranes derived from resultant polymers showed a similar level of proton conductivity to those of other common sulfonated poly-(arylene ether)s; however, its softening temperature was much lower. Therefore, good MEA was able to be obtained by hotpressing at relatively lower temperature without shrinking around electrode. The membrane with an ion exchange capacity of 0.9 showed lower methanol permeability and dimensional change in methanol solution assuming a condition of DMFC than standard perfluorosulfonic acid polymer membrane (PFSA). ■ INTRODUCTIONSolid polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is attracting much attention as a new power source for transportation, stationary, portable, and consumer electronics power applications from the viewpoint of environmental and new energy issues. Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) made of sulfonic acid-containing aromatic condensation polymers are considered as possible candidates for an alternative of perfluorosulfonic acid polymers (PFSA) membrane, such as Nafion, because their backbone structures are generally heat-and solvent-resistant with good mechanical properties. 1−3 Although PFSA showed much higher stability against radical oxidation and has been used as a standard membrane material for PEMFC, accumulation of studies for sulfonated aromatic condensation polymers may create new characteristic materials.Sulfonic acid-containing aromatic condensation polymers are considered as essentially good structure for especially direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) because they are stable against hydrolysis and show relatively low methanol permeability. Sulfonated polymers derived from poly(arylene ether ketone)-s, 4−6 poly(arylene ether sulfone)s, 7−10 poly(arylene thioether)-s, 11 other poly(arylene ether)s, 12−14 polyimides, 15−18 poly-(phenylene)s, 19 and other types of polymers have been extensively studied so far. As methanol crossover from anode to cathode induces decrease in fuel efficiency and reduction of cell voltage, these aromatic condensation polymer shows a great advantage against PFSA membrane. Although their performance of polymer electrolyte membrane is highly expected in this point of view, drawback in the processability to prepare membrane−electrode assembly (MEA) exists. As MEA is usually prepared by hot-pressing of membrane with electrode containing PFSA ionomer as a binder, high glass transition temperatures of aromatic condensation polymers sometimes result in poor adhesion between them. The poor adhesion does not only induce difficulty to prepare good MEA but also increases in ME...

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TDDI (Touch and Display Driver Integration) is a device that integrates two functions into one device. One function is as display driver IC and a second function is as a touch screen controller. For scaling to larger screen sizes for automotive applications with a TDDI architecture, multiple TDDI chips are needed due to the fan out of the required signals for supporting the display and integrated touch screen. However, in the case of TDDI multi‐chip architecture, synchronization among the plurality of chips becomes the key factor in order to achieve uniform picture quality and accurate touch response. For this paper we introduce techniques for synchronization for both the display and the touch function among a plurality of chips (TDDIs). In closing we have successfully achieved a cascaded TDDI architecture by this technique for a fully integrated automotive display and touch solution.

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