This paper describes the operational planning and process safety due diligence performed to ensure safe and successful operations in the world's first deepwater propellant perforation in a carbonate reservoir. The Malampaya gas field in the Philippines is a depleted carbonate reservoir with five subsea development wells. The Malampaya Phase 2 Project that concluded in Q2 2013 involved drilling two new infill wells MA-11 and MA-12. Given the uncertainty in prognosis (Carbonate K-Phi) and the greater risk of not securing wells with high deliverability as per the well objectives, it was decided to use some form of near wellbore stimulation to bypass the near well bore damage zone caused by cement losses and cuttings lost to the formation while drilling the 300 m reservoir section. Propellant perforation technology solution was selected based on optimization of rig time, ineffectiveness of acid jobs in a karstified, fractured carbonate and process safety considerations of acid handling on a dynamically positioned rig. 200 m reservoir section was perforated safely and successfully with 3–3/8″ propellant perforation gun with 30% propellant loading on a 2″ coiled tubing in each of these two subsea wells. A standard 6 SPF shot density and 60 degree phasing was adopted with deep penetrating charges to bypass the damage zone suspected from drilling and cementing losses in this depleted carbonate. Both the wells delivered finally in excess of 100 MMscf/day during the well test on the rig as expected. This paper outlines the expected vs. actual well performance; process safety due diligence with an elaborate modeling focus on the worst case scenario (i.e. no cement behind the 7″ liner). Static and dynamic coil modeling results are shared along with an overview of the transient modeling conducted to optimize the final perforation interval on both the wells based on the actual lithology information.
The effort, timeline and budget required for CO2 storage site characterization is often underestimated. Depending upon geology, volumes and composition of the CO2 stream to be stored, data acquisition, that may involve appraisal wells, injection tests, Special Core Analysis (SCAL), geomechanical and geochemical experiments, the timeline to conduct the site characterization may run into years and the budget required into tens of millions of dollars. Experience in site characterization, in many different CO2 storage projects, has enabled a "roadmap" to be developed showing key decisions and work activities from initial screening through to the final investment decision. The primary focus of the roadmap is on the work scope of an integrated subsurface team, but it is part of a broader integrated set of activities which include capture, transportation, and storage elements. This roadmap has been used in the characterization of a CO2 Storage Site for ZeroGen in Queensland, Australia. For each phase of the project, work activities are directed at reducing uncertainties to the point that key project decisions can be taken. The culmination is a final CO2 Storage Site Development Plan. Interdisciplinary risk and uncertainty assessments are key steps along the way which drive appraisal and data collection tactics. As new data is assimilated into the site assessment the work proceeds, in an iterative manner, as the views on Storage Site Capacity, Injectivity and Containment evolve. Throughout the site characterization phases, common threads, like the Monitoring Measurement and Verification strategy, are matured from an initial range of identified approaches and technologies into an Operating Philosophy. Constant and early attention and priority is given to Heath, Safety, Environmental and Community issues throughout the work activities and milestone reviews. Besides our personal and corporate responsibility to the community and environment, establishing a strong record of safe and responsible operations will be an enabler towards public acceptance, cost effectiveness and schedule reduction for future projects. Early and constant community consultation is a critical issue to ensure public understanding and acceptance of CCS.
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