We give a combinatorial classification for the class of postcritically fixed Newton maps of polynomials as dynamical systems. This lays the foundation for classification results of more general classes of Newton maps.A fundamental ingredient is the proof that for every Newton map (postcritically finite or not) every connected component of the basin of an attracting fixed point can be connected to ∞ through a finite chain of such components.
For a Riemannian manifold M n+1 and a compact domain Ω ⊂ M n+1 bounded by a hypersurface ∂Ω with normal curvature bounded below, estimates are obtained in terms of the distance from O to ∂Ω for the angle between the geodesic line joining a fixed interior point O in Ω to a point on ∂Ω and the outward normal to the surface. Estimates for the width of a spherical shell containing such a hypersurface are also presented.
Given any equivelar map on the torus, it is natural to consider its covering maps. The most basic of these coverings are finite toroidal maps or infinite tessellations of the Euclidean plane. In this paper, we prove that each equivelar map on the torus has a unique minimal toroidal rotary cover and also a unique minimal toroidal regular cover. That is to say, of all the toroidal rotary (or regular) maps covering a given map, there is a unique smallest. Furthermore, using the Gaussian and Eisenstein integers, we construct these covers explicitly.
We give a sharp lower bound on the area of the domain enclosed by an embedded curve lying on a two-dimensional sphere, provided that geodesic curvature of this curve is bounded from below. Furthermore, we prove some dual inequalities for convex curves whose curvatures are bounded from above.
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