GIS technologies allow an analyzis of large data sets at the lowest cost. To date, when forming a network of secondary schools, almost no geographic information systems have been used. GIS plays a special role in the study of transport and walking accessibility to GSEI. The article analyzes the theoretical, methodological and practical problems of using geographic information systems in studies of walking accessibility to general secondary schools of Chernivtsi city territorial community and describes the general secondary education institutions of the studied community. Based on geoinformation systems developed in Open Route Service and QGIS, the areas of the community with the best and worst walking accessibility to secondary schools were identified, which is certainly of great practical importance in creating pivotal institutions, their service zone and overcoming the problem of overcrowding in some schools. The most convenient location of the general secondary education institutions of Chernivtsi city territorial community was observed in the central part of the city, as well as in microdistricts Prospect and Boulevard, where there is a fairly dense arrangement of general secondary education institutions. There are also areas in the community that are outside the 2-kilometer walking accessibility zone and require transportation for students. Such areas are the Shantsi, Tsetsyno and Slobidka and Rohizna microdistricts, which have a cottage type accommodations. In general, most of the community is within walking accessibility. An important aspect of the location of GSEI is the availability indicator, which ranges 0.2 to 0.81. The average rate of accessibility to GSEI in the Chernivtsi city territorial community is 0.65. It should be noted that in the community there is a relevant problem of providing students with places in GSEI in those areas, where today the construction of new residential areas is actively carried out, while educational institutions are not expanding and not being built.
Purpose. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the theoretical and scientific-methodical bases of the importance of geodetic support of the territories of the regions, to assess the possibility of creating topographic maps and plans of one or another scale on the existing geodetic network. Methods. To achieve the purpose of the research, the following methods and techniques were used: historical analysis (to study the history of geodetic support), geodetic (to determine the required density of geodetic points when conducting topographic surveys without violating regulations), mathematical (to determine the completion of the geodetic network, assessments of the possibility of creating topographic maps and plans for a particular area), methods of cartography (to display the points of geodetic support) and others. Results. The history of research of geodetic support of the regions of the territory of Ukraine is hundreds of years old, but only, in our opinion, in recent years (the years of independence of Ukraine) they have acquired a scientific character. The analysis of geodetic support of the territory of Chernivtsi oblast is carried out. The possibility of creating topographic maps and plans on the existing geodetic network has been assessed. To create topographic maps and plans in accordance with the requirements of regulations, the necessary completion of the geodetic network on the territory of Chernivtsi oblast is calculated. Scientific novelty. The history of geodetic support of the territory of Chernivtsi oblast is supplemented by its current state, which is based on the “Basic provisions of the State Geodetic Network of Ukraine” of 1998, which in 2013 were replaced by “Procedure for building the State Geodetic Network”. On the basis of the current DGM, the possibility of creating topographic maps and plans was assessed. The completion of the points of the geodetic network is calculated according to the requirements of normative documents. Practical meaning. Theoretical generalizations, methodical receptions of the conducted researches can be used during carrying out similar researches in other regions, and concrete results of researches – by the organizations, enterprises, departments which carry out geodetic works in the territory of Chernivtsi oblast.
A general analysis of the geodetic support of the territory of the Ternopil region has been carried out. It is noted that until 1939 the Ternopil region was part of Poland, therefore, all geodetic networks that existed on its territory at that time were created in accordance with the regulatory documents of this country. After the creation of the Ternopil region, the creation of geodetic networks on its territory began in accordance with the Regulations of 1939, and then with the Regulations of 1954–61. The modern SGS was created in accordance with the Regulations of 1998, which in 2013 were replaced by the Procedure for the Creation of the State Geodetic Network. A detailed description of each class is given. The total number of points of state geodetic networks (by class) that falls on the territory of the region, as well as the average density of points per 1 km2, has been calculated. It is concluded that it is necessary to thicken the GHS on the territory of the region. In 1998, the «Basic Provisions for the Establishment of the State Geodetic Net-work of Ukraine» were adopted, which in 2013 were replaced by a new normative document «Procedure for the Construction of the State Geodetic Network». According to these two normative documents, a modern DGM was created and modernized in the Ternopil region. The geodetic network of the 1st class has 17 geodetic points. It should be noted that the coordinates of all points were re-determined by satellite. The work was per-formed in 2005 by the Research Institute of Geodesy and Cartography. The mean square errors of the coordinates were: mx = 0.001‒0.004 m; my = 0.001‒0.004 m. The geodetic network of the 2nd class has 144 geodetic points. 31 geodetic points, the coordinates of which did not meet the requirements of regulatory documents, re-determined by satellite method. The works were performed in 2005-2017 by the Re-search Institute of Geodesy and Cartography. The mean square errors of the coordinates were: mx = 0.003‒0.025 m; my = 0.001‒0.017 m. Other geodetic points, the coordinates of which are determined by the linear-angular method, in different years, according to the Regulations of 1954-61, met the requirements of modern regulations, so their coordinates have not changed. The mean square errors of determining the coordinates of these points were: mx = 0.012‒0.039 m; my = 0.015‒0.035 m. As we can see, the root mean square errors of determining the coordinates of points of the 2nd class do not exceed the allowable (0.04–0.05 m for the satellite method; 0.04–0.05 m for the linear-angular method). The 3rd class geodetic network has 278 geodetic points. Of these, 63 points whose coordinates did not meet the requirements of regulatory documents, determined by the satellite method. The work on their determination was performed by the Re-search Institute of Geodesy and Cartography in 2007–2017. The mean square errors of coordinate determination were: mx = 0.001‒0.011 m; my = 0.001‒0.019 m. 215 geodetic points, the coordinates of which were determined by linear-angular construction in accordance with the Regulations of 1954-61 have not changed because they meet the requirements of regulations. Exceptions are 23 geodetic points, the mean square errors of which exceed the allowable norms, i.e. 0.05 m. The remaining points are determined with the following root mean square errors: mx = 0.011‒0.050 m; my = 0.009‒0.050 m. Keywords: state geodetic network, geodetic provision, geodetic network, geodetic network of thickening, astronomical and geodetic network, the average density of geodetic points, topographic maps and plans.
There is a problem of incision of rivers. To solve it, it is necessary to obtain and analyze objective information about the processes of incision and related processes of changes in morphology, structure, functioning of the flow-channel system, the young river landscape. The next step in solving the problem is an objective analysis of possible factors of incision. The main factor in the studied objects is the extraction of river alluvium for many decades. It is also important to identify and study the consequences and extent of changes in the young river landscape, to assess its condition. We propose a method of analysis of processes and factors of incision that can be applied to other rivers, it can also be supplemented and developed. It allows to put in perspective the situation and justify the necessary solutions in the process of planning integrated management of the young river landscape as an important component of the river basin system. Significantly anthropogenically altered sections of rivers, their channels and floodplains may occur as a result of incision. They need special public attention to restore the environmental properties of capacity building. This is an integral part of the culture of interaction between society and rivers, which primarily includes objective quality monitoring, availability and quality of all necessary information (its systematicity, system analysis) as a basis for effective decision-making. An important conclusion is the feasibility of monitoring changes in the vertical position of channels and floodplains, as well as changes in alluvial deposits as part of hydromorphological monitoring in general. In particular, conducting GPS surveillance.
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