The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of lead toxicity on the growth parameters of spinach and the performance of lead‐resistant bacterial isolates under lead stress conditions. Out of four bacterial isolates selected for this study, only two isolates AMB‐CD‐2 and AMB‐CD‐4 were selected based on their lead tolerance ability. A polybag experiment was conducted with six treatments and four replications in spinach. The treatments included T1 (RDF + control), T2 (lead acetate), T3 (AMB‐CD‐2 + lead), T4 (AMB‐CD‐4 + lead), T5 (AMB‐CD‐2), and T6 (AMB‐CD‐4). Results showed that lead contamination significantly decreased plant growth parameters, particularly in the treatment T2 (lead acetate) when compared with other treatments. Similarly, reduced uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) was recorded in T2. Inoculation with lead‐resistant bacteria, AMB‐CD‐2, significantly improved plant growth parameters (plant height, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root length). The uptake of NPK was higher in T5 (AMB‐CD‐2) in the absence of lead by approximately 0.81%, 0.37%, and 0.42% than in the control, respectively. Through atomic absorption spectrophotometer analysis, the lead concentration in treatment T2 (control) was about 3.20 mg/g while in treatment T3 (AMB‐CD‐2 + lead) it was about 1.32 ppm. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that AMB‐CD‐2 resembles Brevibacillus parabrevis. The results demonstrate that the lead‐resistant bacteria B. parabrevis AMB‐CD‐2 showed a significant lead reduction of approximately 58.75% compared to the control.
Effect of urea briquette deep placement with applicator on yield and yield attributing parameters of rice studied and experiment was conducted at "Research cum Instructional farm", "Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidhyalaya", Raipur (C.G.) during kharif-2019 in randomized block deign with ten treatments and three replication with rice variety "IGKV-R1" used as test crop.The treatment consists of different level of nitrogen combine with different mode of urea application, i.e. T1 (control), T2 (N0), T3 (100 kg N ha -1 ), T4 (75 kg N ha -1 ), T5 (120 kg N ha -1 ), T6 (150 kg N ha -1 ), T7 (75 kg N ha -1 applied as urea briquette deep placement manually), T8 (75 kg N ha -1 applied as urea briquette deep placement using applicator), T9 (150 kg N ha -1 applied as urea briquette deep placement manually) and T10 (150 kg N ha -1 applied as urea briquette deep placement using applicator) and uniform dose of P2O5 and K2O @ 60 kg P2O5 ha -1 and 40 kg K2O ha -1 , respectively applied uniformly in each treatment except T1 (Control). The plant height, total and effective tillers/hill, number of filled grains/panicle were found significantly higher in treatment under Urea Briquette @ 150 kg N ha -1 applied through UB applicator (T10). The yield of rice (i.e. straw and grain yield) was also significantly influenced by different mode of urea application and treatment under urea briquette application @ 150 kg N ha -1 (T10) found significantly higher than other. Total nitrogen uptake by the rice plant was also significantly higher in treatment under 150 kgNha -1 urea briquette placed either manually or by applicator (T9 and T10) than others. The highest NUE was recorded with application of 75 kg N ha -1 urea briquette through UB applicator (T8).
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