Synthesis of Graphene oxide (GO) was done by Improved hummer's method and confirmed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffractometry and Raman Spectroscopy. The dispersion of GO was obtained using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, in the epoxy matrix. The enrichment in the mechanical properties was observed by loading of GO (1.0 wt.%, 2.5 wt.% and 5.0 wt. %) in the epoxy/coir fiber (ECF) composites. The ECF composites were prepared using hand layup technique, with constant fiber ratio of 5.0 wt. % and fiber length in the range of 5-7mm. The highest tensile strength of 13 MPa was obtained for 5.0 wt. % GO-reinforced ECF as compared to 4 MPa for neat epoxy and 6 MPa for ECF. Flexural strength of 64 MPa was obtained for 5.0 wt. % GO reinforced ECF as compared to 23 MPa for neat epoxy and 32 MPa for ECF. The impact strength increased from 31J/m to 44J/m and 135J/m for neat epoxy, ECF, and 5.0 wt. % GO reinforced ECF respectively. It was noticed that the CTAB treatment resulted in proper interaction of GO with epoxy resin and coir fibers, which improved mechanical properties of ECF.
In systems in which the interaction proceeds along the potential gradient (positive work), the resulting potential energy, as well as the reduced mass, are found based on the principle of adding reciprocals of the corresponding values of subsystems. This is the corpuscular process and the entropy can be its theoretical concept. In the systems in which the interaction proceeds against the potential gradient (negative work), the algebraic addition of their masses, as well as the corresponding energies of subsystems, are performed. This is the wave process and the negentropy can be its theoretical concept. The resonance stationary state of the systems is realized under the condition of equality of degrees of their corpuscular and wave interactions. Such correlations are confirmed by the equations of Plank constant, constant of fine structure and for π. These principles can be practically applied to seek for optimal technological solutions.
Water plays the ambiguous role in hydrocarbon fuel of internal combustion engines. On the one hand, simple dilution of petroleum or diesel fuel with water can significantly deteriorate technological characteristics of the fuel. As soon as water drops get into cylinders, the following happens: in the compression stroke when both valves are closed, the piston bears against the water plug when moving upwards. The pressure inside the cylinder increases multiply. The engine tries to bring the connecting rod to the upper position, continuing the cycle. In fact, the pistons in one or several cylinders stop at once, and the crankshaft which continues rotating takes enormous loads. It bends connecting rods, breaks piston pins and often breaks down itself. On the other hand, optimal water content in hydrocarbon fuel is defined by the standard technological norm of such fuel mixture which is prepared by a special technique. Moreover, based on the invention patent [1] water containing fuel can have the potential energy of 1/3 from energy unit of ВТИ -petroleum, and nevertheless the engines produce the same power as with additional amount of petroleum by the mass equaled to the mass of water added. And you not only have the power gain, but you also benefit in fuel technological characteristics, such as fire safety, octane number, application temperature limits, possibility to use cheaper fuels, etc. Such specificity of technological processes is ultimately defined by the mechanism of physic-chemical transformations occurring on atom-molecular level. In this investigation their possible evaluations are studied based on the concept of spatial-energy parameter (Р-parameter). Formation of high energy bonds in fuel mixturePractical use of hydrogen containing fuel is possible only if a number of conditions are fulfilled:
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