In laboratory experiments of the choice type, wild Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), originating from infested figs collected in the island of Chios, Greece, showed strong preference for oviposition in black, blue and red colored ceresin wax domes 18 mm in diameter. Green and orange domes were less preferred, while yellow and white domes received the least number of eggs when a preferred color was present. The observed preference for certain colors was found to depend on both the color hue and the intensity of the total reflected light (brightness), while the degree the colored domes contrasted with the background had little if any effect. The females visited the domes of the preferred colors most frequently, which indicates that some selection occurred before arrival on the domes.
Zusammenfassung
Der Einfluss von Farbeigenschaften auf die Auswahl von Eiablagesubstraten bei Ceratitis capitata
In Auswahlversuchen im Labor zeigten wilde Mittelmeerfruchtfliegen, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), die aus infestierten Feigen der Insel Chios, Griechenland, stammten, eine starke Bevorzugung für schwarze, blaue und rote Ceresin Waxdome mit 18 mm Durchmesser. Grüne und orangefarbene Dome waren weniger bevorzugt, während gelbe und weisse Dome mit nur wenigen Eiern belegt wurden, wenn eine der bevorzugten Farben anwesend war. Die beobachtete Bevorzugung für gewisse Farben hängt vom Farbton und vom total reflektierten Licht (Helligkeit) ab, jedoch hatte die Stärke des Kontrastes der farbigen Dome vom Untergrund wenig oder keinen Einfluss. Die Weibchen besuchten öfter die Dome mit bevorzugten Farben, was darauf hindeutet, dass sie sie vor ihrer Ankunft auswählten.
Available online xxxx Communicated by D.V. Alekseevsky MSC: 53C42 53C40 53B25The study of real hypersurfaces in pseudo-Riemannian complex space forms and para-complex space forms, which are the pseudo-Riemannian generalizations of the complex space forms, is addressed. It is proved that there are no umbilic hypersurfaces, nor real hypersurfaces with parallel shape operator in such spaces. Denoting by J be the complex or para-complex structure of a pseudo-complex or para-complex space form respectively, a non-degenerate hypersurface of such space with unit normal vector field N is said to be Hopf if the tangent vector field JN is a principal direction. It is proved that if a hypersurface is Hopf, then the corresponding principal curvature (the Hopf curvature) is constant. It is also observed that in some cases a Hopf hypersurface must be, locally, a tube over a complex (or para-complex) submanifold, thus generalizing previous results of Cecil, Ryan and Montiel.
It is proved the non-existence of Hopf hypersurfaces in G 2 (C m+2 ), m ≥ 3, whose normal Jacobi operator is semi-parallel, if the principal curvature of the Reeb vector field is non-vanishing and the component of the Reeb vector field in the maximal quaternionic subbundle D or its orthogonal complement D ⊥ is invariant by the shape operator.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 53C40, 53C15.
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