This paper examines the phenomenon of "new industrialization" in Turkmenistan, the most insulated and understudied of the post-Soviet states. The researchers identify the reasons why Turkmenistan's leadership has made the policy choice in favour of a "new industrialization," and conclude that this choice was inevitable in the given historical environment. They furthermore identify the key phases of the "new industrialization" process in Turkmenistan (the starting phase ran from 2011 through 2016, the current phase is expected to continue until 2020), and provide a detailed description of each of the two phases. The writers analyze the legal framework in place to regulate Turkmenistan's economic modernization, emphasizing the singular role that the Turkmen government, and President Gurbanguly Berdimukhamedov personally, have played in the process. They contend that the "new industrialization" process in Turkmenistan is unlikely to manifest a marked national flavour. On the level of the key precepts and goals, it is also unlikely to be much different from "new industrialization" in any other modern nation. In the view of the authors of this paper, Turkmenistan's "new industrialization" may be defined as all-round modernization of Turkmen economy by way of "smart" industry, relying on hightech, cutting-edge, ultimately diversified production existing in harmony with the natural environment, meeting the needs of Turkmen society to a maximum extent. In conclusion, it is stated that although Turkmenistan is, at this time, quite prepared to usher in the era of "new modernization," the steps that are necessary for this to happen will require a considerable effort on the part of the national leadership and citizenry.
The purpose of the article is the analysis of the key social and legal mechanisms of environmental culture development in the population. Through the method of expert survey, the authors determine the main functions of the environmental culture and the social institutions of environmental culture development in population. Environmental culture is characterized by deep versatile knowledge of the environment; the presence of nature-related values; the ecological style of thinking and the corresponding attitude towards nature; the acquisition of skills and experience of solving ecological problems; direct participation in conservation-related activities; the anticipation of the possible remote negative consequences of the nature-transforming activities of the people.
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